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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 29; Sayı: >> Özet
TAM METİN
Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 2009;29():65-91
Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Gençlerin Ahlaki Muhakeme ve Ahlaki Yönelimleri Arasındaki İlişkiler
S Cesur, NÖ Küyel
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Kohlberg'in (1976, 1981) kuramı, bireyin ahlaki gelişiminin altı basamaklık bir sıra takip etliğini iddia etmektedir. Kohlberg, daha üst seviyedeki basamakları ahlakla ilişkilendirmektedir. Öte yandan Gilligan (1982), Kohlberg'in iddiasına "başkalarıyla ilgilenme (care) ve sorumlulukla (responsibility) ilgili alan" ve "adalet (justice) ve haklarla (rights) ilgili alan" olmak üzere iki atan olduğu iddiasıyla itiraz etmektedir. Ona göre, kadınlar daha ziyade ilgilenme yönelimli muhakemeyi, erkeklerse daha ziyade adalet yönelimli muhakemeyi kullanır. Araştırmalar, insanların çoğunluğunun ahlaki karar verirken hem ilgilenme hem de adaletle ilgili muhakemeyi aynı anda kullandıklarını (Bebeau ve Brabeck, 1994) ve kadınlarla erkeklerin kesin çizgilerle ayrılması için yeterince kanıt olmadığını göstermektedir (Colby ve Damon, ¡994). Literatürde ebeveyn tulumlarının çocukların ahlaki gelişimlerinde Önemli bir rol oynadığına dair kanıtlar vardır. Anne-babaların etkileşim (arzları çocukların ahlaki gelişimlerini tahmin etmeye yardımcı olabilir (Walker ve Hennig, 1999) ve belirli çocuk yetiştirme tutumları çocuklarda ve ergenlerdeki ilgilenme'nin gelişmesinde önemli görünmektedir (Lansdale, Wakschlag, ve Gunıı, 1995). Bu araştırmanın amacı da, anne-babaların çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarının çocuklarının ahlaki muhakeme ve ahlaki yöne/imleriyle ilişkisini incelemek/ir. Bu çalışmada, Ahlaki Yönelim Ölçeğİ-AYÖ (the Measure of Moral Orientation) ve Değerlerin Belirlenmesi Testi-DBT (the Defining Issues Test), 60 üniversite öğrencisi tarafından (30 kız ve 30 erkek) ve Aile Hayatı ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutum Ölçeği-AHÇYÖ (Parental Attitude Research Instrument) bu öğrencilerin anne ve babaları tarafından (60 anne ve 60 baba) doldurulmuştur. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, gençler 'ilgili ben' alt testi haricinde ahlaki yöneltin ve ahlaki muhakemede cinsiyetler bakımından farklılaşmamışlardır. Ebeveynin çocuklarım hangi durumlarda cezalandırdıkları, çocuklarının ahlaki muhakemelerini etkilemektedir. Anne-baba çocuk yetiştirme tutumları incelendiğinde, tutumlarla ahlaki yönelim ve ahlaki muhakeme arasındaki ilişkilerde, gençlerin cinsiyetinin önemli bir etken olduğu görülmektedir. Anne-baba tutumlarıyla özellikle erkek çocukların ahlaki yönelim ve ahlaki muhakemeleri arasında ilişkiler bulunmuştur.
The Relationships Between Parents' Child-Rearing Attitudes and Their Offsprings' Moral Orientations and Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg's (1976, ¡98]) theory showed the sequence of an individual's moral development followed a six-stage progression. Higher stages represented moral maturity, in other words, justice reasoning. Gilligan (¡982), however, opposed Kohlberg's ideas claiming that there are two different moral domains: the domain of care and responsibility and the domain of justice and rights. According to her, women predominantly use the care-oriented moral reasoning, while men predominantly use the justice-oriented moral reasoning. Research shows that the majority of people, regardless of their gender, use both the justice and care reasoning in their moral decisions (Bebeati and Brabeck, 1994) and little support for the view that there is a generalized distinction between men and women in their orientations (Colby and Damon, 1994). There is evidence in the literature that parenting style plays a substantial role in children's moral development. Research indicates parents' interaction styles are predictive of children's moral reasoning development (Walker and Hennig, 1999), and certain child-rearing attitudes are instrumental in the promotion of caring in children and adolescents (Lansdale, Wakschlag, and Gunn, ¡995). This present study aims to explore the influence of parents' child-rearing attitudes on the moral orientation and moral reasoning of their children. In this study, the Measure of Moral Orientation-MMO (Liddell, Halpin, and Ikdpin, 1992) and the Defining Issues Test-DIT (Rest, 1986) were completed by 60 Turkish undergraduate students (30 males and 30 females) and Parental Attitude Research Instrument-PARl (Oner, ¡996) was administered to iheir parents (60 mothers and 60 fathers). The results show some relationships between the tests. Analyses showed that offsprings were not differentiated on the moral orientation and moral reasoning subtests except 'self care' in terms of gender. In what conditions parents punish their offsprings affect the offsprings' moral reasoning. When we investigated the parental child rearing attitudes, it was seen thai gender of the offsprings is an important factor among the relationships between attitudes, moral orientation and moral reasoning. Relationships were found among these variables especially for boys.

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