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Yıl:2011; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2011;1(2):81-90
Tanı Koyma Süreci ve Çoğul Tanılar Sorunu
S Sorias
Komorbidite deyimini ilk defa 1970'de Feinstein, kronik medikal hastalıklar için kullanmıştır. Fakat bu deyim, her ne kadar fizik hastalıklar
için tanımlanmışsa da, psikiyatride daha çok kullanılır oldu. Çoğul tanıların karşımıza bir sorun olarak çıkması, bunların görülme
sıklığının çok yüksek olmasındandır. Örneğin, son büyük epidemiyolojik araştırmalardan biri olan NCS-R çalışmasına göre, tüm
psikiyatrik hastaların %45'i birden çok tanı almaktadır.
Çoğul tanıların nedenlerini araştırdığımızda iki farklı çoğul tanı tipi olduğunu görüyoruz: 1) Gerçek çoğul tanılar. 2) Yalancı (psödo)
çoğul tanılar.
Gerçek çoğul tanılar, bir hastada birden çok hastalığın gerçekten, yani doğal nedenlerle bir arada olmasıdır. Bu komorbidite tipinde uygulama,
yöntem ya da sınıflamada herhangi bir hata yoktur ve aynı hastada farklı nedenlerle ortaya çıkabilir. Gerçek çoğul tanılar bizi
rahatsız etmez ve hastanın tanısal değerlendirmesinin iyi yapılmış olduğunu düşündürür.
Öte yandan yalancı çoğul tanılar doğal değil, tanı koyma sürecindeki hatalardan kaynaklanırlar. Bunlar gereksiz polifarmasiye neden
olmaları ve prevalans ile hastalığa yakalanma riskini olduğundan çok daha yüksek göstermesi nedeniyle zararlıdır. Bu nedenle yalancı
çoğul tanılara neden olan hata kaynaklarını doğru saptayıp gidermeğe çalışmamız gerekir. Bu hata kaynakları şunlardır:
a) Çoğul tanıları araştıran çalışmalardaki yöntem hataları. Bunlar içinde en çok yapılandırılmış görüşmeler ve klinisyen olmayan anketçiler
suçlanmıştır.
b) Tanıyı koyan klinisyenden kaynaklanan hatalar. Örneğin, hekimin aynı bulguyu birden çok bozukluğun tanısında kullanması.
c) Sınıflama sisteminin kusurlarından kaynaklanan hatalar. Bunlar içinde en önemlileri: Tanı kategorileri arasında hiyerarşik bir düzen
olmaması, tanı kategorileri arasındaki dışlama ölçütlerinin yokluğu, düşük tanı eşiği ve tanı kategorilerinin düşük geçerliğidir.
Psychiatric diagnosıs and the comorbidity problem

Comorbidity, a term first described by Feinstein in 1970 for chronic medical diseases, has find a better place among mental disorders
and has been extensively used in psychiatry.
A mental patient's receiving multiple diagnoses is a fact so frequent that it's now considered an important problem. For instance, the
National Comorbidity Survey ? Replication, a recent and major epidemiological study, has find that, 45% of all psychiatric patients
get more than one diagnosis.
Considering the reason of multiple diagnoses, we find two different comorbidity types: 1)Real comorbidity 2) Pseudo comorbidity.
Real comorbidity is the case when a patient truly has two or more natural disorders. In this case, there is no error in the classification,
the diagnostic process or the methods of the studies. Real comorbidity is not bad and does not bother us. On the contrary, it's a proof
that the patient has been thoroughly and well evaluated.
On the other hand, pseudo comorbidity is the case when multiple diagnoses are not natural diseases and stem from the errors of the
diagnostic process. These are considered harmful since they may lead to unnecessary polypharmacy and to the erroneous conclusion
that the prevalence of (and probability to catch) the disorders are higher than what they really are.
The errors that may lead to pseudo comorbidity are:
a) Errors in the methods of the studies concerning multiple diagnoses. In this regard rigid structured inteviews and inteviewers who
are not clinicians themselves have been blamed.
b) Errors of the clinician who makes the diagnoses. For instance using the same symptom in the diagnosis of multiple disorders.
c) Errors stemming from the classification and diagnosis system. The most important are: the lack of a hierarchical organisation and
exclusion criteria among diagnostic categories, low diagnostic treshold and poor validity of the categories.

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