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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2010;2(1):75-116
Erişkin Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu: Nörobiyoloji, Tanı Sorunları ve Klinik Özellikler
C Tuğlu, ÖÖ Şahin
Trakya Ü. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri AD, Edirne
Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) çocukluk döneminde başlayan, yaşam boyu süren, etkilenen erişkinlerin akademik, sosyal ve iş yaşamlarındaki işlevsellikleri gibi birçok alanda günlük işlevselliği ciddi şekilde bozan nöropsikiyatrik bir bozukluktur. Genel toplumda DEHB yaygınlığı yaşla birlikte azalır. DEHB yaygınlığı yaklaşık olarak çocukluk döneminde 8%, ergenlikte 6% ve erişkinlikte 4% civarındadır. DSM-IV tanı ölçütlerinin erişkin DEHB’ye uygulanmasındaki güçlükler ve tanı sorunlarının, erişkin DEHB yaygınlığının beklenenden daha düşük görünmesine neden olabileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu bozukluk yaşam boyu gözlenen dikkat eksikliği, hiperaktivite ve dürtüsellik gibi davranışsal belirtiler ve bu belirtilerin yol açtığı belirgin morbidite ve yeti yitimi ile karakterizedir. Etiyolojisi kesin olarak ortaya konamamış olsa da, elde edilen çok sayıda bulgu hastalığın gelişiminde nörobiyolojik ve genetik nedenlerin önemli rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Yaşamın her döneminde DEHB tanısına çok sayıda diğer psikiyatrik bozukluk eştanısı eşlik etmektedir. Erişkin DEHB tanısı almış hastaların yüzde 65- 89’unda en az bir ya da daha fazla başka bir psikiyatrik bozukluk bulunur. En sık görülen eştanılar duygudurum ve anksiyete bozuklukları, kişilik bozuklukları ve madde kullanım bozukluklarıdır. Hastalarda gözlenen yüksek psikiyatrik eştanı oranları tanı, tedavi ve sonlanım açısından klinik tabloyu kötüleştirmektedir. Bu hastalarda saptanan psikiyatrik eştanılar, bunların neden olduğu sosyal yeti yitimi ve riskli davranışlar ve eşlik eden azalmış yaşam kalitesi, hastalık sürecinde üstünde durulması gereken önemli unsurlardır. DEHB’nin işlevsellik ve kişilerarası ilişkiler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini giderebilmek için gerekli önleyici ve terapötik girişimlere çok erken dönemde başlanması gereklidir. Bu yazıda erişkin DEHB’nin tarihçesi ve sıklığı, nörobiyolojisi, eştanılar, tanı konurken karşılaşılan güçlükler ve hastaların klinik özellikleri gözden geçirilmiştir.
Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neurobiology, Diagnostic Problems and Clinical Features
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic, lifelong neurobeha-vioral disorder with childhood-onset, which seriously impairs the affected adults in a variety of daily living functions like academic, social and occupational functioning. Prevalence of ADHD declines with age in the general population. The approximate prevalence rates of ADHD is 8% in childhood, 6% in adolescence and 4% in adulthood. The unclear validity of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD. The disorder is characterized by behavioral symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity across the life cycle and is associated with considerable morbidity and disability. Although its etiology remains unclear, considerable evidence documents its strong neurobiological and genetic underpinnings. ADHD is associated with a high percentage of comorbid psychiatric disorders in every lifespan. In adulthood between 65-89% of all patients with ADHD suffer from one or more additional psychiatric disorders, above all mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and personality disorders, which complicate the clinical picture in terms of diagnostics, treatment and outcome issues. The high comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, the resulting deficits in social competences and risky health behavior that often go along with a diminished life quality must be stressed in these patients. Preventive and therapeutic interventions should be taken at an early stage to counteract the possible negative influences of ADHD on functioning and relationships. In this paper, we reviewed the historical aspects, epidemiology, neurobiology, comorbidity, diagnostic difficulties and clinical features of adult ADHD.

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