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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 20; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;20(2):164-174
Otizmde Beyin Görüntüleme Bulguları: Bir Gözden Geçirme
HT Ulay, A Ertuğrul
Hacettepe Ü Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları AD., Ankara
Amaç: Otizmin tanımlanmasından günümüze kadar geçen süre içinde otizmde gerek nöroanatomik bozuklukları, gerekse patofizyolojiyi araştırmaya yönelik çok sayıda yapısal ve işlevsel beyin görüntüleme çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu gözden geçirmenin amacı otizmde olası patofizyolojilerin açıklanmasına katkı sağlayan son yıllarda yapılan nörogörüntüleme çalışmalarının bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla derlenmesidir.

Yöntem: Çalışma geriye dönük olarak kaynak taraması şeklinde yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Pubmed'de otizm, otizm spektrum bozuklukları, nörogörüntüleme, bilgisayarlı tomografi, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, manyetik rezonans spektroskopi, pozitron emisyon tomografi, tek foton emisyon bilgisayarlı tomografi ve difüzyon tensor görüntüleme anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak 1997-2007 yılları arasındaki yayınlar taranmış, ulaşılabilen araştırmalar değerlendirme kapsamına alınmıştır.

Bulgular: Yapısal beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarında başta frontal, temporal ve paryetal loblarda olmak üzere hem gri hem de beyaz cevher hacminde artışla, toplam beyin hacminde artış saptanmış ve bu bulgunun gelişimin erken dönemlerinde nöron ağlarında oluşan yaygın bir bozukluğa işaret ettiği düşünülmüştür. İşlevsel beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarında ise dil ve sosyal biliş alanında işlev gösteren temporal lob ve amigdalada etkinlik farklılıkları saptanırken, arka kortikal alanlarda etkinlik artışı saptanmıştır.

Sonuç: Klinik gözlemlerin ve görüntüleme çalışmaların sonuçlarının harmanlanmasıyla otizmin patofizyolojisini aydınlatmak amacıyla ortaya atılmış pek çok hipotez bulunmasına karşın, hastalığın nörobiyolojisine yönelik kesin bir çıkarım yapmak için erken görünmektedir.
Neuroimaging Findings in Autism: A Brief Review
Objective: Many structural and functional neuroimaging studies have investigated the neuroanatomical changes and possible pathophysiological pathways in autism. In this review the objective was to assess, with an integrative perspective, recent neuroimaging studies that have contributed to the explanation of the possible pathophysiological pathways in autism.

Method: Relevant attainable studies published between 1997 and 2007 were included in this retrospective literature review. The PubMed search engine and the keywords, autism, autistic spectrum disorders, neuroimaging, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and diffusion tensor imaging were used.

Results: Structural neuroimaging studies reported an increase in total cerebral volume, both in grey and white matter, mostly in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. These global volumetric changes are suggested to indicate a diffuse disturbance in neural networks during early development. In functional neuroimaging studies, activation abnormalities were observed in the temporal lobes and amygdala, which are involved in [language] and social cognition. An increase in visual activity cortex was also reported.

Conclusion: Clinical observations and results from neuroimaging studies were gathered to hypothize and explain the pathophysiology of autism. Yet, it is still very early to conclude with certainty the neurobiological process responsible for autism.

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