"Mourning and Melancholia" written by Freud in 1917 is the one of the important texts of the psychoanalytic literature. Melancholia was entitled a long time ago. However Freud's article is an important step to understand it and also a brief traveling to the deep of human psychic life. We meet antecedents of the superego concept which is one of the components of the psychic structure in psychoanalytical theory in this article. Besides, we also meet preparations to insert structural model to the topographic model in this article. It is remarkable that Freud refers some important concepts of the psychoanalytical theory in his article, such as narcissism, identification and ambivalence. In this paper, it is aimed to investigate melancholia in the light of Freud's significant article.