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Yıl:2024; Cilt: 35; Sayı: 3>> Özet
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Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2024;35(3):234-244
Esrarın Psikoz Gelişimindeki Rolü
Ö Türkoğlu, A Ertuğrul
Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
Esrarın psikotik bozukluklara yol açtığı bilinmektedir ve yaygınlaşan esrar kullanımı önemli bir sağlık sorunu oluşturmaktadır. Esrarın psikoz gelişimine neden olduğuna dair artan kanıtlar, bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların artmasını sağlamıştır. Bu gözden geçirmede esrarın psikoz gelişiminde oynadığı role, altta yatan nörobiyolojik mekanizmalara dair güncel bilgilerin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla “PubMed’’ arama motoruna “esrar kullanımı, psikoz, şizofreni, endokannabinoid sistem, patofizyoloji, nörobiyoloji” anahtar kelimeleri girilerek son 10 yılda yayınlanan araştırma yazıları ve gözden geçirmeler değerlendirilmiştir. Epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda, erken yaşta başlayan esrar kullanımının artmış psikoz riskiyle ilişkili olduğu, bu riskin genetik yatkınlığı olan kişilerde daha belirgin olduğu, yoğun ve yüksek potanslı esrar kullanımı ile arttığı gösterilmiştir. Çalışmalarda sinir sistemi gelişiminin kritik dönemlerinde rol oynayan, çeşitli fizyolojik süreçlerde homeostatik düzenleyici olarak işlev gören endokannabinoid sistemin, ergenlik gibi gelişimin kritik dönemlerinde esrar kullanımından etkilendiği; esrar kullanımının bu sistemin glutamat, dopamin gibi nörotransmiterler üzerindeki etkilerine bağlı olarak sinaptik budanma gibi fizyolojik süreçleri etkilediği, uzun vadeli davranışsal ve psikolojik sonuçlara yol açtığı gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca endokannabinoid sistemdeki bozuklukların şizofreni etiyolojisinde rol oynadığına dair kanıtlar, esrarın bu sistemde halihazırda var olan bozuklukları kötüleştirerek hastalık sürecini etkilediğini düşündürmektedir. Esrar kullanımıyla psikoz gelişimi arasındaki ilişkinin, rol oynayan nörobiyolojik süreçlerin anlaşılması, yeni tedavi hedefleri belirlenmesine ve uygun koruyucu yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.
The Role of Cannabis in the Development of Psychosis
Cannabis is known to cause psychotic disorders, and the increasing use of cannabis constitutes an important health problem. Growing evidence that cannabis causes the development of psychosis has led to an increase in the number of studies in this field. This review aims to clarify the role of cannabis use in the development of psychosis, discuss the current literature about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. For this purpose PubMed was searched for the keywords “cannabis use, psychosis, schizophrenia, endocannabinoid system, pathophysiology, neurobiology”; the articles published in the last 10 years were reviewed. Epidemiological studies showed that cannabis use starting at an earlier age is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, this risk is more pronounced in people with genetic predisposition and increases with heavy and high potency cannabis use. Studies showed that the endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in nervous system development and functions as a homeostatic regulator in physiological processes, is affected by cannabis use during critical periods of development like adolescence; cannabis use affects physiological processes such as synaptic pruning due to the effects of this system on neurotransmitters like glutamate and dopamine leading to long-term behavioral and psychological consequences. Additionally, evidence that dysfunctions in the endocannabinoid system play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia suggests that cannabis affects the disease process by worsening existing dysfunctions in this system. Understanding the relationship between cannabis use and the development of psychosis and underlying neurobiological mechanisms will help to identify new treatment targets, and develop appropriate preventive approaches.

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