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Yıl:2024; Cilt: 61; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2024;61(2):99-100
Nöropsikiyatrik Tutulum ve İlaca Dirençli Fokal Epilepsi ileKarakterize, Potansiyel Olarak Tedavi Edilebilir Genetik Bir Bozukluk:Niemann-Pick Hastalığı Tip C
E Altındağ, Y Alanay, B Baykan, A Dervent
İstanbul Florence Nightingale Hastanesi, İstanbul
Niemann-Pick hastalığı tip C (NPC), intrasellüler kolesterol taşıma ve sentezinde bozukluğa neden olan NPC1 ve NPC2 genlerindeki mutasyonlarla ortaya çıkan nadir bir otozomal resesif hastalıktır (1). Klinik belirtiler, başlangıç yaşına bağlı olarak değişim gösterir (2). Niemann-Pick hastalığının jüvenil formunda, hastaların üçte birinde fokal ve/veya jeneralize epilepsi nöbetleri görülür ve bu nöbetler ilaca dirençli olabilir (3). Burada, nadir ve potansiyel olarak tedavi edilebilir olan bu hastalık hakkında farkındalığı artırmak amacıyla, genetik olarak tanı konmuş jüvenil başlangıçlı NPC vakası sunulacaktır. Sağlıklı dünyaya gelen ve nöromotor gelişimi normal olan 10,5 yaşındaki erkek hastanın soygeçmişinde ailesinde uzak akrabalarda epilepsi ve dikkat eksikliği öyküsü mevcuttu. Altı yaşında okul başarısında düşüklük nedeni ile yapılan değerlendirilmesinde dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanısı alan hastanın iki yıl sonra klinik tabloya anksiyete ve saldırganlık gibi davranış bozuklukları eklenmişti. Dokuz yaşında, uykuda ilk kez ardından Todd parezisinin geliştiği fokal başlangıçlı jeneralize tonik-klonik nöbet geçiren hastanın klinik tablosuna kısa süreli dalma nöbetleri, özellikle sol kol ve omuzda miyoklonik nöbetler ve fokal motor nöbetler eklenmişti. Karbamazepin, valproat, klobazam ve sulthiame gibi birden fazla antinöbet ilaca rağmen fokal motor nöbetler kontrol altına alınamadı. Dahası, klinik durum giderek kötüleşti ve nörolojik muayenede WISC-R (Çocuklar İçin Zeka Testi) ile ölçülen orta düzeyde kognitif bozukluk, ataksi, apraksi, sol tarafta distonik postür ve vertikal supranükleer bakış parezisi saptandı. Elektroensefalografi (EEG)’de, temel aktivitesi korunmuş bir zeminde sık sık fronto-santral bölgelerde, parasagittal orta hat üzerinde özellikle sağda odaklaşma gösteren fokal diken-dalga ve çoklu diken dalga aktivitesi ile daha nadir olarak her iki hemisfer üzerinde jeneralize asimetrik 2 Hz diken-dalga aktivitesi izlendi. İnce kesitlerle yapılmış, 3T kraniyal manyetik rezonans (MR) incelemesinde hafif ventriküler dilatasyon dışında özellik yoktu. Hastanın tüm ekzom taraması (WES) ile NPC1 geninde daha önce rapor edilmiş olan patojenik iki varyant saptandı [NPC1(NM_000271,5): c. 2861C >T (p. Ser954Leu)]. Segregasyon analizi, ebeveynlerin ikisinin de her bir varyant için taşıyıcı olduğunu gösterdi. Niemann-Pick hastalığının genetik tanısı konduktan sonra oral miglustat tedavisine (günde 400 mg) başlandı. Hastanın ataksi, davranış bozuklukları ve epileptik nöbetlerinin iyileşme gösterdiği izlendi.
A Potentially Treatable Genetic Disorder Which Presented withNeuropsychiatric Involvement and Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsy:Niemann-Pick Disease Type C
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of intracellular cholesterol trafficking and synthesis caused by mutations in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes (1). Clinical presentation is highly heterogeneous, depending on the age of onset (2). In the juvenile form of NPC, one-third of individuals have focal and/or generalized seizures, and these seizures may be drug- resistant (3). Herein, we present a patient with genetically confirmed juvenile onset NPC with non-consanguineous parents in order to raise awareness about this rare and potentially treatable disease. This 10.5-year-old male was healthy at birth and reached normal developmental milestones. His family history disclosed epilepsy in distant relatives and an attention deficit history. He presented with the first symptoms at the age of 6, with poor school performance, and received an initial diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Two years later, abnormal behavior including anxiety and aggression were observed. At the age of 9, he experienced his first generalized tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset during sleep followed by Todd paresis. Staring spells with short duration, focal motor seizures, and myoclonia predominantly on the left arm and shoulder were also added to the clinical picture. Despite using multiple anti-seizure drugs including carbamazepine, valproate, clobazam, and sulthiame, focal motor seizures could not be controlled. Moreover, his clinical condition deteriorated progressively, and neurological examination showed moderate cognitive impairment measured by WISC-R (Intelligence Test for Children), ataxia, apraxia, dystonic posture on the left side and vertical supranuclear gaze palsy. Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed frequent focal spike-wave and multi-spike discharges on the frontocentral regions including parasagittal midline regions mainly on the right side and rarely generalized 2 Hz asymmetric spike and waves with preserved background activity. Cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of 3 Tesla with thin sections was normal except for mild ventricular dilatation. Whole exome sequencing (WES) of the patient demonstrated two previously reported pathogenic variants in the NPC1 gene: (NPC1(NM_000271.5): c. 2861C >T (p. Ser954Leu)]. Segregation analysis showed compound heterozygous inheritance as the parents were carriers of each variant. After confirming the genetic diagnosis of NPC, oral miglustat treatment (400 mg/day) was started. The patient showed improvement in ataxia and abnormal behavior, and epileptic seizures were controlled.

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