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Yıl:2024; Cilt: 35; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2024;35(2):137-149
Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Borderline Kişilik Özelliklerinin Gelişiminde Etyopatogenez
O Yetim,Ö Yalçın
Ersin Arslan Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi,Gaziantep
Ergenlerde borderline kişilik bozukluğu (BKB) özelliklerinin geçerliliği ve klinik önemi giderek daha fazla kabul edilmektedir. Ergenlik dönemindeki BKB özelliklerinin sürekliliğinin yüksek olduğu ve olumsuz kişilerarası, akademik, mesleki ve finansal sonuçlarla ilişkili olduğu belirtilmektedir. Alan yazınında çocuk ve ergenlerde gözlenen BKB özellikleri psikodinamik kuramlar, gelişimsel modeller ve evrimsel yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. BKB etyopatogenezine yönelik çalışmalarda duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, kişilerarası işlevsellik bozukluğu, dürtüsellik ve kendine zarar verme davranışı, olumsuz yaşam olayları, mizaç özellikleri, nöropsikolojik işlev bozuklukları, nöroanatomik, genetik, hormonal ve immunolojik faktörler yer almaktadır. Bu gözden geçirmede BKB gelişimine yönelik ilgili yaklaşımlar ve faktörlerin ele alınması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yazıda, PubMed veri tabanında 1968-2021 yılları arasında yayınlanan makaleler gözden geçirilmiş, konuyla ilgili alan yazınında öne çıkan araştırmalar değerlendirme kapsamına alınmıştır. Çalışmada, BKB gelişimine yönelik psikodinamik ve gelişimsel yaklaşımlarda değersizleştirici çevre, epistemik donma ve hipermentalizasyon, kompleks veya bağlanma travmasının önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Evrimsel yaklaşımda ise belirtilerinin ergenlik döneminde ortaya çıkmasının nedeni olarak romantik ilişkilerin, üremenin başlaması vurgulanmakta ve BKB’nin hızlı yaşam öyküsü stratejisi ile ilişkili olduğu savunulmaktadır. BKB özellikleri bulunan ergenlerde sağlıklı kontrollere göre yukarıdan aşağıya duygusal işlemlemede görev alan orbitofrontal korteks ve anterior singulat kortekste hacim azalması; aşağıdan yukarı duygusal işlemlemede yer alan talamus ve hipokampus bölgesinde akivasyon artışı gözlendiği belirtilmektedir. BKB özellikleri bulunan ergenlerde gözlenen superior temporal girus ve prekuneustaki aktivasyon artışının hipermentalizasyonun nöral bir göstergesi, insuladaki aktivasyon artışının ise sosyal ağrının nöral bir göstergesi olduğu düşünülmektedir. BKB belirtileri bulunan ergenlerde gözlenen dinlenme durumunda kalp atım hızı azalması ve kalp atım hızı değişkenliği artışının parasempatik sistem aktivasyonu ile ilişkili olduğu belirtilmektedir. Ergenlerde BKB tanı, ayırıcı tanı ve tedavi açısından klinisyenleri zorlayan bir bozukluktur. BKB’de etyopatogenez ile ilgili faktörlerin çok yönlü ve ayrıntılı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.
Etiopathogenesis in the Development of Borderline Personality Characteristics in Children and Adolescents
The validity and clinical significance of the characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents are increasingly being recognized. The persistence of BPD characteristics in adolescence is high and is associated with negative interpersonal, academic, professional, and financial outcomes. In the literature, BPD characteristics observed in children and adolescents are explained with psychodynamic theories, developmental models, and evolutionary approaches. Emotional dysregulation, interpersonal dysfunction, impulsivity, and self-harming behavior, negative life events, temperament characteristics, neuropsychological dysfunctions, neuroanatomical, genetic, hormonal, and immunological factors may play a role in BPD etiopathogenesis. This review aims to address different approaches and relevant factors for the development of BPD. The articles published between 1968-2021 in the PubMed database were reviewed, and prominent studies were selected for evaluation. The importance of invalidating environment, epistemic freezing and hypermentalization, complex or attachment trauma is emphasized in psychodynamic and developmental literature. In the evolutionary approach, on the other hand, romantic relationships and the onset of reproduction are emphasized as the reason for the emergence of symptoms during adolescence, and it is argued that BPD is related to the rapid life history strategy. It is stated that a decrease in volume in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, which are involved in top-down emotional processing, and an increase in the activity of thalamus and hippocampus regions, which are involved in bottom-up emotional processing are observed in adolescents with BPD characteristics when compared to healthy controls. It is thought that the increase in activation in the superior temporal gyrus and precuneus observed in adolescents with BPD features is a neural indicator of hypermentalization, and the increase in activation in the insula is a neural indicator of social pain. It has been reported that the decrease in resting heart rate and the increase in heart rate variability observed in adolescents with BPD symptoms are associated with the activation of the parasympathetic system. BPD in adolescents is a disorder that challenges clinicians in terms of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It is crucial to evaluate the factors related to etiopathogenesis in BPD in a multifaceted and detailed manner.

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