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Yıl:2023; Cilt: 26; Sayı: 51>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2023;26(51):60-83
İleri Yetişkinlerde Öznel Bellek Yakınmaları ve Bilişsel İşlevler Arasındaki İlişkiler Üzerine Bir Derleme
F Duman, H Can
Ufuk Üniversitesi, Ankara
İleri yetişkinlikte fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal açıdan çeşitli değişimler görülmektedir. Sağlıklı yaşlanma sürecinin bir parçası olarak ileri yetişkinlikte bellek, dikkat, yönetici işlevler ve işlem hızı gibi bilişsel işlevlerde performans kaybı yaşanabilmektedir. Öznel bellek yakınmaları (ÖBY) ile başlayan ve Alzheimer gibi nörodejeneratif bozukluklara uzanan demansiyel süreçlerin görülme sıklığı da yaşa bağlı olarak artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla ileri yetişkinlerin bilişsel işlevlerinde yaşadıkları bozulmaların yaşla birlikte görülen normal değişimin bir parçası mı yoksa ÖBY’nin görülmesiyle birlikte demansiyel sürece geçiş mi olduğunun ayrıştırılması oldukça önemlidir. Bunun ilk adımı olarak da mevcut derlemede ileri yetişkinlikte görülen ÖBY ile bilişsel işlevler arasındaki ilişkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar gözden geçirilerek, ÖBY’nin bilişsel profilinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Alanyazındaki sonuçlara göre ÖBY’den en çok etkilenen bilişsel işlevlerden biri epizodik bellektir. Buna ek olarak çalışma belleğindeki çeşitli bileşenlerin ve ileriye dönük belleğin de ÖBY’den olumsuz yönde etkilendiği görülmektedir. Kısa süreli bellek, semantik bellek ve dil becerileri ise ÖBY’de nispeten korunmaktadır. Ancak epizodik bellek dışındaki diğer bellek türlerinin incelendiği araştırmaların sayısı az olmakla birlikte tutarsız sonuçları da barındırmaktadır. Kodlama, depolama ve geri getirme süreçlerine yönelik bilişsel ölçümlerden elde edilen sonuçlar ile ÖBY arasında ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Ancak kodlama esnasında ÖBY’li ileri yetişkinlerin prefrontal korteks aktivasyonlarında telafi süreçlerini yansıtan bir artış olduğu görülmektedir. Öte yandan yapılan çalışmalar dikkat süreçleri, işlem hızı ve yönetici işlevlerden sözel akıcılık, inhibisyon ile perseverasyon yapma eğilimi gibi bilişsel işlevlerin ÖBY ile ilişkisini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca ÖBY ile bilişsel işlevler arasındaki ilişkinin, depresyon ve ÖBY’nin değerlendirilme yöntemi gibi çeşitli faktörlerden etkilendiği de tespit edilmiştir. Bu bilgiler ışığında, ÖBY ile bilişsel işlevler arasındaki ilişkinin çok faktörlü bir yaklaşımla incelenmesinin klinik ve bilişsel nöropsikoloji açısından önemli olacağı düşünülmüştür.
A Review on the Relationship Between Subjective Memory Complaints and Cognitive Functions In Older Adults
Various physical, psychological, and social changes occur in older adulthood. As part of healthy aging, performance loss may occur in some types of cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functions, and processing speed, in older adulthood. The prevalence of dementia, which starts with subjective memory complaints (SMCs) and extends to neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) that negatively affect cognitive functions, also increases with age. It is very important to differentiate whether the impairment in cognitive functions is a part of the normal change seen with aging or whether it is a precursor of a dementia with the appearance of SMC. As a first step to this, we aimed to reveal the cognitive profile of SMC in older adulthood. According to the results, one of the cognitive functions most affected by SMC is episodic memory. In addition, it is seen that various components in working memory and prospective memory are negatively affected by SMC. Short-term memory, semantic memory, and language skills are relatively intact. Inconsistent results were obtained from a small number of studies evaluating other types of memory, including semantic, prospective, short-term, and working memory. There is no relationship between the results obtained from cognitive measurements of coding, storage, and retrieval processes and SMC. However, during coding, there appears to be an increase in prefrontal cortex activations of older adults with SMC, reflecting compensatory processes. On the other hand, other studies have revealed the relationship between SMC and cognitive functions such as attention, processing speed, verbal fluency, inhibition, and perseveration. Moreover, it was determined that the relationship between SMC and cognitive functions is affected by various factors such as depression and the evaluation method of SMC. In the light of this information, it was thought that evaluating the relationship between SMC and cognitive functions with a multifactorial approach would be important in terms of clinical and cognitive neuropsychology

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