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Yıl:2023; Cilt: 7; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi; 2023;7(2):258-270
Okuma bozukluğunun göz izleme ve makine öğrenmesiyle belirlenmesi: Alanyazınıngözden geçirilmesi
E Özer, RD Temeltürk
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale
Okuma bozukluğu yani disleksi okumanın sesletim ve anlama boyutlarındaki güçlüklerdir. Yaygın olarak karşılaşılan öğrenme bozukluklarından biri olan disleksinin teknoloji temelli ve yenilikçi bir teknik olan göz izleme ile incelendiği çalışmalarla sıklıkla karşılaşılmaktadır. Göz izleme tekniği aracılığıyla disleksili okurların okuma esnasında sekme ve sabitleme göz hareketlerine ulaşılmakta, elde edilen fizyolojik veriler ile analizler gerçekleştirilmektedir. Böylece disleksili okurların okuma becerilerine ilişkin yapılan analiz ve incelemeler ile okuma performans ve profilleri ortaya konulmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra son yıllarda bir okurun disleksili olup olmadığının değerlendirilerek tespit edilmesinde göz izleme ve makine öğrenme algoritmalarının birlikte uygulanmaya başlandığı görülmektedir. Bu derleme çalışması ise göz izleme tekniği ve makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları kullanılarak disleksili bireylerin belirlenmesi için yapılan araştırmaların incelenerek özetlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle makalede göz hareketleri ve makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları ile ilgili tanımlamaların ardından okurlarda disleksinin saptanmasına yönelik İspanyolca, İsveççe, Yunanca ve Fince olmak üzere dört farklı dilde yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla disleksili bireylerin fizyolojik veriler ışığında hem klinik hem de eğitsel olarak değerlendirilip en erken dönemde tanılanmalarının ve bu bireylere özgü müdahale programlarının geliştirilerek zaman kaybedilmeden uygulanmasının, akademik başarısızlığın ve olumsuz yaşantılarının önüne geçilmesi için kritik öneme sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Böylece göz izleme ile makine öğrenmesinin tamamlayıcı bir rolle de olsa tanıdeğerlendirme süreçlerinde yer alarak psikiyatri kliniklerinde ve rehberlik araştırma merkezlerinde klinik psikolog, rehberlik psikolojik danışmanlık ve özel eğitim alanlarındaki uzmanlar tarafından uygulanması sonucunda doğru tanılamanın zaman kaybı ve ekonomik kayıp olmaksızın yapılabileceğine dikkat çekilmek istenmiştir. Göz izleme ve makine öğrenmesi kullanılarak yüksek doğruluk ile okuma bozukluğunun tanılanabileceğine ilişkin dört farklı dilde yapılan çalışmaların yanı sıra ana dili Türkçe olan disleksili bireylerin de bu yolla en erken dönemde değerlendirilip tanılanabilecekleri ve kendilerine özgü müdahale programlarının tasarlanabileceği öngörülmektedir.
Determining reading disorder with eye tracking and machine learning: A review of the literature
Reading disorder, namely dyslexia, is described as the difficulty in the pronunciation and comprehension dimensions of reading. Studies in which dyslexia, one of the most common learning disorders, are examined using a technology-based and innovative technique, eye tracking, are frequently encountered. By means of eye tracking, the saccade and the fixation of dyslexic readers are reached during reading and analysis are performed with the obtained physiological data. Thus, the analysis and examination of the reading skills of individuals with dyslexia and their reading performance and profiles are revealed. In addition, in recent years, eye tracking and machine learning have started to be applied together in determining whether a reader is dyslexic or not. This review aimed to analyze and summarize the researches carried out to identify dys-lexic individuals using eye tracking and machine learning. For this reason, in the article, after the definitions of eye movements and machine learning algorithms, studies on the detection of dyslexia in readers in four different languages, namely Spanish, Swedish, Greek and Finnish, were summarized. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate individuals with dyslexia clinically and educationally with physiological data, to diagnose them in the earliest period, to apply specific intervention programs, and to prevent academic failure and negative experiences. Thus, the accurate diagnosis can be made without loss of time and economic loss as a result of the application of eye tracking and machine learning even if it is complementary by clinical psychologists, guidance, psychological counseling and special education specialists in psychiatry clinics and guidance research centers. In addition to studies conducted in four different languages regarding the diagnosis of reading disorders with high accuracy using eye tracking and machine learning, individuals with dyslexia whose mother tongue is Turkish can also be evaluated and diagnosed in this way at the earliest age and specific intervention programs can be designed for them.

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