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Yıl:2022; Cilt: 10; Sayı: 26>> Özet
TAM METİN
Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2022;10(26):655-670
Dikkat Seçiminde Hibrit Bir Model: Algısal Yük
Ö Ertan-Kaya
Ankara Medipol Üniversitesi, Ankara
Sürekli değişen görsel çevremizde maruz kaldığımız onca uyarıcı arasından ilgili olanları seçip ilgisiz olanları dışlamak oldukça önemli bir bilişsel beceridir. Etkili dikkat seçimi üzerine uzun yıllardır süregelen erken ve geç seçme tartışmaları hala güncelliğini korurken; Lavie ve Tsal (1994) tarafından iki yaklaşımı birleştiren hibrit bir kuram ortaya atılmıştır. Algısal yük kuramı, kısıtlı algı kapasitesine vurgu yaptığından erken seçme; otomatik işlemeye vurgu yaptığından geç seçme yaklaşımlarına benzetilmektedir. Kurama göre, görsel alanımızdaki çeldiricilerin işlenebilmesi, o an yaptığımız işin ya da görevin algısal yüküne bağlıdır. Algısal yük arttıkça görevle ilgisiz uyarıcılar kolayca dikkat filtresinin dışında tutulabilir; çünkü kapasite görevle dolmuştur. Algısal yük kısıtlı kapasiteyi dolduracak kadar yüksek değilse, çeldiricinin işlenmesi ve bozucu etkisi kaçınılmazdır. Kurama göre, seçici dikkat sürecinde temel belirleyici faktör algısal yüktür. Kuramın ortaya atılmasının ardından pek çok destek çalışması gelmekle beraber, özellikle son yıllarda, kuramın varsayımlarıyla uyumsuz çalışmaların sayısı da göz ardı edilemeyecek düzeydedir. Belirginlik, yakınlık, benzerli, seyreltme etkisi vb. pek çok başka faktörün seçici dikkat sürecindeki önemi gösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, algısal yükün etkili bir dikkat seçiminde temel belirleyici faktör olmasa da, etkili faktörlerden biri olduğu açıktır.
The Hybrid Model of Attentional Selection: Perceptual Load
It is a crucial cognitive skill to select the relevant ones and exclude the irrelevant ones from all the stimuli we are exposed to in our constantly changing visual environment. While the long-standing early-late selection debates on the efficient attentional selection are still relevant, a hybrid theory was proposed by Lavie and Tsal (1994). Perceptual load theory is similar to the early selection approach in that it emphasizes limited capacity, while it is similar to late selection approaches in that it emphasizes automatic processing. In line with the theory, distractor processing depends on the task-relevant perceptual load. As perceptual load increases, unrelated stimuli can easily be excluded from the attention filter; because the capacity is full. The distractor interference effect is inevitable if the perceptual load is not high enough to fill the restricted capacity. According to the theory, the perceptual load is a key factor of the locus of selection. Although many support studies have been carried out after the theory was supposed, the number of studies inconsistent with the theory's assumptions, especially in recent years, cannot be ignored. Diverse studies have shown the importance of other factors in selective attention, such as salience, proximity, similarity, and dilution effect. In conclusion, despite being an important factor, the perceptual load is not the primary determinant in efficient attentional selection.

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