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Yıl:2003; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Bağımlılık Dergisi; 2003;4(1):26-30
Alkol bağımlılığında kişilik özellikleri
Y Akvardar
Dokuz Eylül Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri A.D. İzmir
Alkol bağımlılarına özgü bir kişilik olmamakla birlikte, ortak kişilik özelliklerinden ve psikodinamik etmenlerden söz edilebilir. Ego zayıflığı, kendilik değerini sürdürememek gibi yapısal eksiklikler, kendine bakım kapasitesindeki yetersizlik üzerinde durulmuştur. Süperego, zihnin alkolde çözünebilen kısmı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Alkol kullanımı kişide güç hissine ve kendilik değerinin artışına neden olmaktadır.
Kişilik özellikleri de dikkate alınarak alkolizm tipleri tanımlanmıştır. Cloninger tarafından tanımlanan Tip 1 alkolizmde kişilik özellikleri; düşük düzeyde yenilik arayışı, yüksek düzeyde zarardan kaçınma ve ödül bağımlılığıdır. Tip 2 alkolizmde ise kişilik özellikleri olarak yüksek derecede yenilik arayışı, düşük düzeyde zarardan kaçınma ve ödül bağımlılığı daha az görüldüğü belirtilmiştir. Tip 2 alkol bağımlılarında agresif davranışlar, suça eğilim Tip 1’e göre daha çok görülmektedir. Daha dışa dönüktürler, impulsif davranış, heyecan ve macera arayışı daha fazladır.

Günümüzde tüm psikiyatrik hastalıklarda biyolojik yaklaşım ve tedavi ön plana çıkarken, alkol bağımlılığında kişilik özellikleri tedavi süreci ve prognozda etkili olması nedeniyle önemlidir.
Personality Characteristics in Alcohol Dependence
There is no characteristic personality that can be called the alcoholic personality. However, there are common personality traits and psychodynamic factors that occur in clusters in alcohol dependent patients. Psychoanalysts often noted structural defects, such as ego weakness and diffuculty in maintaining self-esteem as well as defects in self-care. It has been stated that the superego is the part of the mind which is soluble in alcohol. Alcohol use makes the person feel powerful and raise his self-esteem.

Typologies of alcoholism has been identified according to the personality characteristics as well. Cloninger identified Type 1 alcoholism with personality characteristics having low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance and high reward dependence. The typical type 2 alcoholic is a man with personality characteristics of high novelty seeking along with low reward dependence and low harm avoidance. Type 2 alcoholics having greater rates of aggresiveness, criminality than did Type 1 alcoholics. They were also more extraverted and scored higher on measures of impulsivity and thrill and adventure seeking.

Although the biological approach and treatment of all psychiatric disorders have become more prominent nowadays, the personality characteristics are important in the treatment process and prognosis of alcohol dependent patients.

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