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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 20>> Özet
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Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2021;9(20):418-431
Kırılma Noktası: İkinci Nesil İntihar Kuramları
BP Bulut, H Demirbaş
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Ünversitesi, Ankara
İntihar, dünyada genç ölümleri arasında ikinci sırada gelen ölüm nedenidir. Bu açıdan intihar davranışının gerisindeki faktörleri anlayabilmek için intihar davranışını açıklayan kuramların irdelenmesinin gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır. Yirmi birinci yüzyılın başına kadar intihar davranışı ve oluşumunu açıklamada birçok kuramcı farklı kuramlar öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu kuramlar psikolojik, sosyolojik ve biyolojik kuramlar olarak ele alınmıştır. Psikolojik kuramlardan Psikanalitik Kuram, Ruhsal Kuram, Umutsuzluk Kuramı ve Kaçış Kuramı gibi kuramlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu kuramlar birinci nesil kuramlardır. Diğer taraftan 2000’li yıllardan sonra intihar davranışını risk faktörleri ile ele alan çağdaş psikolojik kuramlar dikkati çekmiştir. Bu kuramlar, daha yakın zamanda ortaya konulduğu için ikinci nesil kuramlar olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu kuramların tek bir çatı altında incelenmesine ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülerek bu yazıda, Kişilerarası İntihar Kuramı, Üç Aşamalı İntihar Kuramı, Bütünleyici Güdüsel-İradesel Kuram ve Değişken Yatkınlık Kuramları aktarılmış, intihar davranışının gelişiminin altında yatan psikolojik mekanizmalara genel bir bakış ve eleştirel bir tartışma sunulmuştur. Sözü geçen bu kuramlar, intihar düşüncelerinin gelişimini destekleyen faktörlerin ve süreçlerin intihar davranışı ile ilişkili olanlardan farklı olduğunu göstermektir. Umutsuzluk ve intihar edebilirlik kuramların ortak noktasıdır. Ek olarak, bu kuramlar yaşamda görünen, zamanla değişen ve intihara hemen yakınlaştıran dinamik risk faktörlerine ve risk değerlendirmesine odaklanmıştır.
Breaking Point: Second Generation Suicide Theories
Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people in the world. In this respect, it is emphasized that theories explaining suicidal behavior should be examined to understand the factors behind suicidal behavior. Many theorists have proposed different ideas in explaining suicidal behavior and its occurrence until the beginning of the twenty-first century. These theories are discussed as psychological, sociological, and biological theories. Psychoanalytic Theory, Spiritual Theory, Hopelessness Theory, and Escape Theory were among the psychological theories. It would not be wrong to call these theories first-generation suicide theories. On the other hand, after the 2000s, contemporary psychological theories dealing with suicidal behavior with risk factors have attracted attention. These theories have been called second-generation suicide theories because they have been put forward more recently. Considering the need to examine these theories under a single roof, in this article, the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, Three-Step Theory of Suicide, Integrative Motivational-Volitional Model, and Fluid Vulnerability Theories are presented. Moreover, an overview of the psychological mechanisms underlying suicidal behavior development has been submitted, and a critical discussion has been made. These theories show that the factors and processes that support the development of suicidal thoughts are different from those associated with suicidal behavior. Hopelessness and suicidality are the common points of theories. In addition, these theories focused on dynamic risk factors and risk assessment that appear in life, change over time, and immediately bring them closer to suicide.

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