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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 20>> Özet
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Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2021;9(20):396-417
Zaman Algısının Nöral ve Psikolojik Modelleri Bağlamında ÖznelZamanın Görsel Mekanizmalarına Dair Bir Kuram
D Alaşhan, İ Ayhan
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Görsel sistem için bilgiyi zamana bağlı boyutta işlemek gerek süre aralıkları ve harekete dair etkin bir temsil oluşturabilmek, gerekse görsel olaylar arasında “A olayı B olayından önce gerçekleşmiştir” gibi zamansal bir sıralandırma yapabilmek açısından önemlidir. İnsan, zamansal bilgiyi mikrosaniyeden 24 saatlik biyolojik döngülere değin oldukça geniş bir zaman ölçeğinde işlemler. Zamansal işlemenin beyinde merkezi ya da dağınık bir sistem ile mi gerçekleştiği, farklı zaman ölçekleri için farklı mekanizmaların sorumlu olup olmadığı ve farklı modalitelerin, örneğin duyusal ve motor modaliteler için bu mekanizmaların farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı zaman algısı alanının başlıca sorularıdır. Bu derlemenin hedefinde milisaniye ölçeği ve bu ölçeğin işlenmesinden sorumlu görsel zamansal mekanizmalar vardır. Zaman algısı literatüründe en kabul gören model, beyinde duyularüstü, merkezi bir saat olduğunu ve zaman algısında oluşan yanılsamaların, canlının uyarılmışlığında oluşan değişikliklerle açıklanabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Ancak Johnston ve arkadaşlarının (2006) başlatıp, bu derlemenin yazarlarından birinin de içinde bulunduğu araştırmalar silsilesi görsel alanın belli bir bölgesini hareket ya da titreşime adapte ederek yalnızca o bölgede algılanan zamanın değiştirilebileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Zaman, hareket ve uzam arasındaki bu ilişki beyinde zamanın duyulardan soyutlanmış merkezi bir sistemle değil, dalga boyu ya da hareket gibi uyaranın duyusal bir özelliğiymişçesine kodladığını göstermektedir.
A Theory on The Vision-based Mechanisms of Subjective Time Within The Context of The Neural andPsychological Models of Time Perception
Temporal processing is crucial for interval, duration and motion discrimination, as well as the ability to order events. Humans process temporal information over a large scale ranging from microseconds to daily circadian rhythms. The basic questions in the time perception literature include whether timing is centralized or distributed in the brain and whether different time scales or modalities (such as sensory or motor) are processed by different neural mechanisms. In this review, focus will be on visual timing in the millisecond range and the underlying temporal mechanisms.The classical model of a supramodal centralised clock, in which scaling between real and apparent time is accomplished by a change in the arousal level, has been challenged by our evidence, following Johnston et al. (2006), that the apparent duration can be manipulated in a local region of visual field by adaptation to motion or flicker and that the effects of temporal frequency adaptation on perceived duration and perceived temporal frequency are dissociable. The relationship between time, motion and space supports the idea that time is an attribute of a visual stimulus like any other low level features such as color or motion, which we suggest may imply a time pathway in the brain.

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