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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2018;8(4):231-238
Bipolar bozukluk ve şizofreni arasında tanı ve tedavi yönünden ayrım güçlükleri
K Kora
Vizyon Psikiyatri,İstanbul
Tanı hiyerarşisinde şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluklar hem kendi klinik tabloları içinde yer alan temel belirtiler, hem de eşlik eden diğer belirtilerdeki çeşitli- lik nedeni ile en tepede yer almaktadır. Bu geniş belirti kapsama alanı ve paylaşılan belirtilerin varlığı, geçmişte olduğu kadar olmasa da şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluk ayrımının zaman zaman güçlük yaratmasına neden olmaktadır. Şizofrenideki psikotik belirtilerin yanında duygudurum belirtilerinin de varlığı; diğer tarafta ise çok daha yaygın olarak bipolar bozukluğun akut dönemlerinde psikotik belirtilerin de gözlenmesi bu karışıklığın ana öğesidir. Literatürdeki çalışmaların yönü ve genel klinik kanaat, bipolar bozukluk tanısındaki gecikmenin, şizofreni tanı sürecindeki gecikmeye kıyasla daha fazla önemsendiğini düşündürmektedir. Duygudurum dengeleyici sağaltımının başlanmasının gecikmesi ve yansımaları (daha fazla akut dönem geçir- meye bağlı sağaltım direnci vb); gereksiz sağaltıma bağlı yan etkiler, işlev kayıpları; özellikle şizofreni tanısının taşıdığı hastalık gidişiyle ilgili değer- lendirmelerin hasta, yakınları ve klinik ekip üzerinde yaratacağı etkiler ve bu faktör ile ilişkilendirilebilecek damgalama açısından şizofreni hastasına yanlışlıkla bipolar bozukluk tanısı konmuş olmasının, tersi duruma kıyasla “kötünün iyisi” olarak karşılandığını da akla getirmektedir. Sağaltım kıla- vuzlarının oluşturulabilmesi, koruyucu hekimlik açısından önerilerin geliştirilebilmesi gibi hedefler düşünüldüğünde, iki bozukluk arasındaki ayrımın olabildiğince erken dönemde yapılabilmesinin önemi daha iyi anlaşılabilmektedir. İki bozukluğun ayrımında kullanılabilecek yöntemler ve değişkenler birkaç alt başlık altında incelenebilir: nedensel (etiyolojik), klinik (semptoma- toloji), gidiş-sonlanım ve sağaltım yanıtları. Bu yazıda, klinik pratikte halen varlığını hissettiren sorunlardan biri olan şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluk arasındaki ayırıcı tanıda karşılaşılan güçlükler ve çözüm önerileri bu alt başlıklar kapsamında ele alınacaktır.
Difficulties in differential diagnosis and treatment issues between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders lie at the upper part of hierarchy of diagnostic categories since they exhibit the most variable forms of signs within their clinical presentation and diverse accompanying symptomatology. This diversity in the range of signs and symptoms along with overlapping presentations still cause difficulties in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders although somewhat decreased comparing with past experiences. Major contributors to this difficulty in differential diagnosis are the presence of mood symptoms accompanying psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and more commonly, the psychotic presentations that can be observed in the acute periods of bipolar disorder. The direction existing literature points out and general clinical opinion weighs on the impression that delays in the overall diagnosis of bipolar disorder are more readily emphasized compared to delays in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Detainment in the initiation of mood stabilizing treatments and its consequences (like treatment resistance that is a result of experiencing multiple acute exacerbations); side effects that result from unnecessary medications and loss of functionality; the prognostic value the diagnosis of schizophrenia carries that overshadows effects on the patient, patient’s relatives, and the mental health staff along with accompanying issues related to stigmatization are apparently indicators of the fact that diagnosing a schizophrenic patient erroneously as bipolar disorder fares much better an outlook compared to otherwise, like seeing the good in the bad. Preparation of diagnostic guidelines and providing criteria for preventive approaches therefore have been prioritized objectives given the importance of differential diagnosis of the two disorders in the early phases of presentation. Methods that can be used in differential diagnosis and their variables can be summarized under these categories: etiological, clinical (symptomatology), prognostic (course-prognosis) and treatment responses. This article aims to present the difficulties encountered in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and their possible solutions with respect to the above-mentioned categories.

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