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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 19; Sayı: Özel>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2016;19(Özel):32-49
Saldırganlığın Örtük ve Açık Benlik Yansımalarının Değerlendirilmesi
AB Ok, Y Toker
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara
Bu derlemenin amacı açık ve örtük saldırganlık ve ölçümleri ile ilgili yazını karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alarak örtük saldırganlık ölçümünün de açık saldırganlık ölçümü kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektir. Kişiliğin, birbirinden bağımsız açık ve örtük benlik sistemlerinden oluştuğu savı son 30 yılda gerçekleştirilen görgül çalışmalarla desteklenmiştir. Psikoloji yazınında, muhalefeti zorla da olsa alt etme, savaşma, bir başkasına zarar verme ya da öldürme niyeti ile saldırma ve bir başkasına karşı çıkma veya cezalandırma isteği olarak tanımlanan saldırganlığın psikolojik yapısı da hem açık benlik düzeyinde hem de örtük benlik düzeyinde ele alınmaktadır. Açık benlik ve örtük benlik kavramları sırasıyla özbildirime dayanan ve örtük testlere dayanan ölçümlerle değerlendirilebilmekte bu sayede yordayıcı etki büyüklüğü arttırılabilmektedir. Saldırganlık benliğinin açık ve örtük yansımaları saldırganlık yapısını niteliksel olarak farklı şekillerde ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Örtük ölçüm yöntemlerinden biri olan Koşullu Muhakeme Testi ile saldırganlık güdüsü ölçüldüğünde kişilerin çok da farkında olmadıkları ve saldırganca davranışları meşrulaştırmak için kullandıkları bilişsel yanlılıklar ölçülebilmektedir. Bu yanlılıklara örnek olarak düşmanca yükleme, cezalandırmaya bağlı adalet, güçlü kişilerce/kurumlarca mağdur edilme düşüncesi verilebilir. Bu tarz doğrulama mekanizmaları kişinin benlik algısını korumaya, kendini güvende hissetmesine, başkaları tarafından kabul görmesine ya da zayıf algılanmamasına hizmet etmektedir. Henüz sınırlı sayıda olan çalışmalar, örtük saldırganlığın da yordayıcı geçerliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu derleme ile etkileşimli etkileri de gösterilmiş olan açık ve örtük ölçümlerin birarada kullanılması gereği ortaya çıkmaktadır.
An Evaluation of Implicit and Explicit Selves of Aggression
The purpose of this review is to survey the literature on explicit and implicit aggression and their measurements in order to show that the measurement of implicit aggression is as important as that of explicit aggression. The theory that personality is made up of independent but complementing implicit and explicit systems has received empirical support over the past 30 years. The concept of aggression, which has been defined in the psychology literature as defeating opposition forcefully, fighting, showing violence with an aim to hurt, harm, or kill another, and a desire to punish another, is reviewed in terms of its explicit and implicit components. Explicit and implicit components of the self can be assessed based on self-attributed and implicit tests, respectively, and the joint use of these assessments can increase the effects in the prediction of relevant criteria. Combinations of explicit and implicit aggressiveness levels give way to qualitatively different behaviors. An implicit measure of aggression is the Conditional Reasoning Test of Aggression, which assesses the mostly unconscious justification mechanisms people use such as the hostile attribution bias, victimization by powerful others bias, and retribution bias. Such justification mechanisms serve to protect the perceived self. The currently limited number of studies have shown that implicit aggression assessments have predictive validity. The present review underscores the necessity of using both explicit and implicit assessments, which have been shown to interact with each other in the prediction of aggressive behaviors.

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