Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:1999; Cilt: 7; Sayı: Özel 1>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 1999;7(Özel 1):22-27
Şizofrenide tedaviye direnç
ET Oral, B Akman
Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesi, İstanbul
Bildirilen ilk tedaviye direnç olgusu insulin koma tedavisine karşıdır. Sonraları nöroteptiklerin gelişmesi de bazı olgularda yanıtsızlığın sürmesini engelleyemedi. Direncin görülme sıklığı %5 ile 25 arasında bulunmuştur ve erkek olmak, erken başlangıç, hastalık şiddeti, morfolojik bozukların varlığı ve tedaviye geç başlanması gibi etmenlerin tabloya eşlik ettiği gözlenmiştir. Direncin nedenleri bugüne kadar tam olarak anlaşılabilmiş değildir. Bazı biyolojik açıklamaları bulunmakla birlikte, tedavi uyumundaki bozukluğun, yanlış tanı konması ve birlikte ek bir hastalığın bulunması olasılıklarının da nedenler arasında olabileceği unutulmamalıdır. Atipik antipsikotikler, özellikle de Klozapin, tedaviye dirençli olgularda etkili bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte agraniilositoz riski ve aylık/haftalik kan testi zorunluluğu Klozapin kullanımını güçleştiren etmenlerdir. Yeni atipik antipsikotiklerden biri olan Olanzapin yan etkilerinin görece azlığı ve molekül yapısının Klozapine benzerliği ile dikkat çekmektedir. Henüz çok sayıda olmamalarına karşın, açık ve kontrollü çalışmalar Olanzapin tedaviye yanıtsız hastalarda da Klozapin kadar etkili olduğu konusunda umut verici görünmektedirler.
Treatment resistance in schizophrenia
First case-report on resistant schizophrenia was non-responsiveness to insulin coma therapy. Evaluation of neuroleptic drugs also could not change the persistence of a lack ofresponse in some cases. The prevalence is about 5-25% and factors such as male sex, early onset, severity of disease, morphological abnormalities, and late treatment initiation are found associated. The reason of non-responsiveness to standard neuroleptic treatment is not well-known yet. There are of course some biological theories but, poor compliance as well as misdiagnosis and coniorbidity should also be considered in the etiology. Atypical neuroleptics, particularly clozapine, have proved effective in these patients. However, the risk of agranulocytosis and weekly/monthly haematological monitoring are the main handicaps. The new atypical antipsychotic Olanzapine has a favorable side effect profile comparing to Clozapine while having quite similar molecular features. Though not so many, open and double-blind studies are promising about the efficacy of Olanzapine in non-responsive patients as well.

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