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Yıl:2001; Cilt: 22; Sayı: >> Özet
TAM METİN
Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 2001;22():47-79
Görme Engelli Çocukların Bilişsel Gelişimleri ve 0-6 Yaşın Önemi
H Ergenç
Görme Engelli İlköğretim Okulu öğrencilerinin, okula başlama yaşına geldiklerinde gören yaşıtları gibi gelişmiş olmadıkları, sınıf seviyeleri ilerledikçe (eğitim süresi arttıkça) bu gelişim farkının azal?madiği, bunun yanında önemli sayıda öğrencinin Öğrenme güçlüğü yaşadığı gözlenmiştir. Bu gelişim yetersizliğinin ve öğrenme güçlük'lerinin nedenlerini araştırmak üzere görme engelli öğrencilerin bilişsel gelişimleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 0-6 yaş dönemindeki gelişimin ne kadar önemli olduğu ve "Erken müda?hele" çalışmalarının görme engelli çocukların bilişsel gelişimlerini ne derece etkilediği tartışılmıştır. Bu araştırma üç çalışmadan oluşmuştur: 1. Çalışmada; Kesitsel düzende, Görme Engelliler İlköğretim Okulu'nda birden altıncı sınıfa kadar olan 36 kız, 66 erkek, toplam 102 görme engelli öğrencinin bilişsel gelişimleri gören yaşıtlarının ortalamasına (WISC-R normlarına) göre incelenirken, 61 az gören ile 41 hiç görmeyen öğrencinin bilişsel gelişim düzeyleri de karşılaş - tırılmıştır. Sınıf seviyeleri ilerledikçe, eğitim ortamının etkisi ile, baş­ langıçtaki gelişim farkının telafi edilmiş olacağı beklenmiştir. 2. Çalışmada; îlk çalışmada beklenen sonuç elde edilmeyince, okul ortamının etkisi boylamsal düzende yapılan çalışmayla aranmış olup, aynı Görme. Engelliler İlköğretim Okulu'nun 8 kız, 23 erkek, toplam 31 birinci sınıf öğrencinin bilişsel becerilerinde gelişme olup olmadığı, öğretim yılının başındaki ve sonundaki puanları karşılaştırılarak araştırılmıştır. 3. Çalışmada ise; Kesitsel düzende çalışma yapılmış ve "erken müdahale" görmüş olan 2 kız, 4 erkek, toplam 6görme engelli çocu­ ğun bilişsel gelişimleri, okula başlama yaşındaki hem gören çocuk'ların normları hem de "erken müdahale" görmemiş Görme Engelliler Okulu öğrencilerinin bilişsel gelişimleri ile karşılaştırıl?mış tır. Tüm görme engelli çocukların bilişsel becerilerinin (uzun süre'li hafıza, kısa süreli hafıza, dikkat, aritmetik ve dil becerileri, muhakeme, soyut düşünce) gelişimi WISC-R testinin Sözel Bölümü ile incelenmiştir. Görme engelli okul çocuklarının bilişsel beceri puanları, gören yaşıtlarına göre bir standart sapma gerilik göster?miştir. Erken müdahale görmüş olan çocukların bilişsel gelişim puanları gören yaşıtlarından farklılık göstermemişken, görme engel'li olup "erken müdahale" görmemiş yaşıtlarından anlamlı derecede yüksek çıkmışlardır. Hiç görmeyen ve az gören okul öğrencileri karşılaştırıldığında; hiç görmeyenler az görenlerden anlamlı şekilde yüksek puan almışlardır. Bu bulgulara dayanılarak, görme engelli Türk çocukları için; "erken müdahale" nin ve "az görenlerin eğitimV'nin ne kadar ivedi -bir gereksinim olduğu vurgulanmaktadır.
The students in "The School of Visually Impaired Children" had been observed as developmentally delayed when compared to the sighted peers all through the primary education and many had learning difficulties. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the cognitive development of visually impaired children in order to find out the reasons of observed delays and to see the impact of 0-6 years. The study was carried out in three sections: 1. Cross sectional design: 102 students (36 girls, 66 boys) from • the first to the sixth grade of the visually impaired school were analyzed, expecting the developmental gap with the sighted peers at the beginning to be overcome until the end of the primary education. Also, the development of the 41 blinds were compaired with that of 61 low vision students. 2. Longitudinal design: The cognitive development of 31 visually impaired (8 girls, 23 boys) primary education beginners of the same school were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the first grade, with pre and post tests to see the impact of the school environment which was thought to be more adventageous in comparision to the disadventageous home environment. 3. Cross sectional design: 6 visually impaired children who had early intervention were compaired with those who had not, at the age of six in respect to the sighted peers. All the children were given the Verbal Subtests of WISC-R to assess and evaluate the development of cognitive abilities, namely; memory, attention, judgement, abstract thinking, arithmetic and language abilities. while the children who had early intervention scored at the same level. Also, blinds scored significantly higher than the low vision children. It is concluded that, "early intervention" and "low vision education" is urgently needed for Turkish visually impaired children.

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