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Yıl:1968; Cilt: 6; Sayı: >> Özet
TAM METİN
Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 1968;6():49-112
Üç Farklı Kültürde Yüz İfadeleri İle Bildirişim
D Cüceloğlu
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Bu araştırma yüz ifadeleriyle bildirişimin (communication) tetkikinde hem metodolojik hem kültürler arası sualler üzerinde durmaktadır. Metodolojik yönden yüz ifadeleriyle bildirişimde iki seviye —teorik ve tatbiki— birbirinden ayırt edilmiş, gerek dinamik gerek statik yüz ifadelerinde teorik ve tatbiki seviye farazi yönden incelenmiş, linguistik çalışmalarda ayırt edilen dilbilgisi (competence) seviyesi ile dili kullanma (performance) seviyesi arasındaki farka benzer bir ayırım yapılmıştır. Dinamik yüz ifadelerinin tetkikinde temsilci yüz yapısı fikri ileri sürülmüş ve statik yüz ifadelerinin tetkikindeki esas gayenin bu temsilci yapıyı keş­ fetmek olması gerektiği iddia edilmiştir. • Ayrıca, yüz ifadelerinin esas itibariyle teheyyüci (affective) mânayı bildirdiği tezi ortaya atılmış ve bu sahadaki çalış­ malarda atıf (referential) mânası yerine teheyyüci mânaya inecek Ölçme ve analiz metodlarının daha uygun olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Araştırmanın kültürler arası veçhesinde ise yüz ifadelerinin belirli bir tarzda tefsirine âmil olan bir kültürler arası idrak sisteminin varlığı farz edilmiştir. Farklı dil/kültür gruplarına mensup kişilerin aslî heyecanları ifade eden temsilci yapı üzerinde mutabakat gösterecekleri de ayrı bir hipotez olarak ileri sürülmüştür. Dört kaş, üç göz, ve beş ağız şeklinin kombinazasyonundan altmış birbirinden farklı yüz yapısı elde edilmiş ve bunlar kırk heyecan-ismi mikyası üzerinde değerlendirilmiştir. Bu mikyaslar altı dereceli olup her dil/kültür grubu için kendi lisanları içinde yapılalı bir ön çalışma sonucu elde edilmişlerdir. Üç buutlu bir matris (denekler X heyecan-ismi mikyasları X yüz yapıları) şeklinde gösterilebilen puanların denek buutu üzerinde ortalaması alınarak, bu vasati puanlar üzerinde hem heyecan ismi hem yüz yapıları için faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Faktör analizi neticesi üç tane iki kutuplu (bi-polar) buut elde edilmiş ve bunlar bütün değişkenin yüzde 74,43 ünü karşılamışlardır. Bu buutlara Hoşluk, Taharrüş, ve Açıklık (Receptivity) isimleri verilmiştir. Japon kültüründe Zihnî-Ahşaî şeklinde tefsir edilebilen dördüncü bir buut görülmüştür. Bu neticeler kültürler arası müşterek bir yüz ifadeleriyle bildirişim sisteminin mevcudiyetine işaret etmektedir. Buutların kutuplarında bulunan yüz yapılarının unsurlarının analizi, farz ettiğimiz temsilci yapı fikrini tecrübî verilerle destekleyen bir mahiyet göstermiş, ve temsilci yapılarınjkültürler arasında muayyen bir derecede müştereklik gösterdiğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Teheyyüci mânayı ölçen teknikle atıf mânasını ölçen teknik mukayese edilmiş, ve bu iki tekniğin tamamiyle farklı neticeler verdiği görülmüş, iki netice arasında belirli bir prediktif münasebet kurulamamıştır. Her kültürden denekler yüz yapılarının teheyyüci mânası üzerinde yüksek bir mutabakat gösterdiği halde, atıf mânası üzerinde hemen hemen hiç bir mutabakat göstermemişlerdir. Bu müşahade teheyyüci mâna ile atıf mânası arasındaki münasebetin gözden ge­ çirilmesine yol açmış, bir semantik unsurlar modeli, temelde bulunan muhtemel bir mâna sistemi olarak incelenmiştir.
A Cross-Cultural Study Of Communication via Facial Expressions
This research considers both methodological and cross-cultural questions about the study of communication via facial expressions. The methodological question concerns two levels of facial communication. The system level and the performance level are distinguished both in dynamic and in static facial expressions (a parallel was drawn with the distinction that a linguist makes between the competence and the performance of a speaker-hearer). The idea of the modal posture of a mode in dynamic facial expressions is introduced and it is emphasized that studies of static facial expressions ought to aim to get at this modal posture. Furthermore, it is suggested that facial expressions communicate primarily affective meaning and thus measurement techniques and analysis procedures which tap affect are more appropriate to the study of facial expressions than measurement techniques which tap referential ( or denotative) meaning. Concerning the cross-cultural aspect of this study, it is hypothesized that there is a cross-cultural perceptual framework within which expressions are interpreted in a regular manner. It is also hypothesized that members of different language/culture groups will agree on the structural definition of the modal posture of a primary mode. Sixty abstract facial expressions generated by the use of four eyebrow types, three eye types, and five mouth types were rated on forty emotion-name scales. These six-point scales were constructed for each languagejculture community within their respective languages. The data, which can be represented as a three dimensional matrix (subjects X emotion-name scales X facial stimuli), were summed and averaged along the subject axis and factor analyzed both for emotion-name scales and for facial stimuli. By factor analyses three cross-cultural bi-polar dimensions which accounted for 72.43 per cent of the total variance were found and labeled Pleasantness, Irritation, and Receptivity, Japanese had a unique fourth factor which could be labeled a Cognitive-Gut dimension. These results indicate the existence of a cross-cultural facial communication system. Componential analysis of facial stimuli representing the two poles of each dimension gave substantial support to the existence of modal posture as postulated, and furthermore revealed some degree of communality in the structering of the modal posture across cultures. Comparison between a measurement technique which was supposed to tap affective meaning and one which was thought to tap referential meaning showed that the two measurement techniques do measure completely different things and there is no predictable relation between them. Subjects show a very significant high agreement on the affective meaning of facial stimuli across cultures, which they do not show on the referential meaning. This observation leeds to reconsideration of the relation between affective and referential meaning and a model of semantic features is offered as a possible underlying meaning system.

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