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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences; 2015;2(2):72-76
Gama Aminobütirik Asit Tip A Reseptör Alt Tiplerinin Farklılaşmış Fonksiyonlari: Fazik ve Tonik Inhibasyon
A Arslan
International University of Sarajevo, Bosna Herzogovina
Memelilerde beyinde inhibasyonun iletiminden sorumlu birincil reseptör olan gama amino butirik asit tip A reseptörleri (GABAA Rs), Cys-loop reseptörleri familyasina baglidir. 19 alt uniteden olusan bir havuzdan belirli kombinasyonlarla pentamer olarak organize olan bu reseptörlerin kompozisyonu, reseptörün fonksiyonu, fizyolojisi, bulundugu hücre tipi ve sinaptik ya da ekstra-sinaptik gibi hücre zarinda belirli bir lokalizasyonda bulunmasına etki eder. ?2 alt ünitesini bulunduran GABAA R alt tipi (?2-GABAA Rs) sinaptik olarak lokalize olup fazik inhibasyon olarak bilinen tipik hizli inhibasyonun iletiminden sorumludurlar. ? alt ünitesini bulunduran GABAA Rs (?-GABAA Rs) ekstrasinaptik olarak lokalize olup fazik inhibasyondan daha farkli bir inhibasyon türü olan ve aksiyon potansiyelinin olusmasi icin gereken eşik değerinde ve hücre uyarılabilirliğinde rol oynayan tonik inhibasyonun iletiminden sorumludurlar. Sinaptik ve ekstrasinaptik GABAA R tiplerine özgü bu farklılaşmış fizyolojik görevlerin gittikçe daha belirgin hale gelmesi, ilgili reseptör tiplerine yönelik özel ilaçlarin geliştirilebilmesi ile ilgili ihtimalleri de akla getirmektedir. Zira, son yıllarda omurgali, omurgasiz ve prokaryot kaynaklardan elde edilen Cys-loop reseptör ailesine ait reseptörlerin X-isini kristal yapılarina dair yeni verilerin birikmesiyle çesitli nöropatolojilere yönelik olarak sinaptik ve ekstrasinaptik GABAA R tiplerini seçici olarak hedefleyebilen yeni ilaçlarin geliştirilmesi mümkün olabilecektir.
Distinct roles of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subtypes: A focus on phasic and tonic inhibition
The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA Rs), belonging to the superfamily of Cys-loop receptors, responsible for the inhibitory transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system. Assembled from a pool of 19 subunits, the subunit composition of heteropentameric GABAA Rs impacts on receptor’s function, physiology, cellular and subcellular localization in the cell membrane, i.e., synaptic or extrasynaptic. ?2 containing GABAA Rs (?2-GABAA Rs) are clustered in the synapses and mediate classical fast synaptic inhibition called phasic inhibition. ? subunit containing GABAA Rs (?-GABAA Rs) are located extrasynaptically and mediate a different form of inhibition called tonic inhibition critical for the threshold of action potential generation and neuronal excitability. Thus, distinct physiological roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA R subtypes lead to the question to ask about the possibility of subtype selective drugs. In the light of accumulating data from X-ray crystal structures of vertabrate, invertabrate and prokaryotic Cys-loop receptor family members, new opportunities arise for the development of novel drugs targeting specificaly these subtypes of GABAA Rs for the treatment of various neuropathological conditions.

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