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Yıl:2002; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 3>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 2002;10(Ek 3):5-9
Freud'dan günümüze psikanalitik kuram ve uygulamalar:Klasik Freud'cu görüş ve uygulamalar
TT İkiz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, psikanalitik araştırmaların çekirdeğini oluşturan bilinçdışı arzu ve bu arzunun temelini cinsellikle açıklayan S. Freud'un kuramının üzerinden geçen yüzyıl ve bugün gelinen noktanın açıklanmasıdır. Analitik süreç, analizan ile psikanalistin ortak olarak gerçekleştirdiği ruhsal çalışmanın sonucudur. Bu ortak çalışmada, tarz ne olursa olsun, tüm psikanalistlerin hedefi acılan dindirmek ve analizanın kendi hikayesini oluşturmasına yardım etmektir. Böylelikle, analitiksüreç için oluşturulan psikanalitik çerçevede olmazsa olmaz iki kavram öne çıkmaktadır; intikal ve aktarım. S. Freud'dan günümüze kadar gelen psikanalitik kuramın içindeki kavramların değiştirilmesi, bazılarının ise tamamen kaldırılmak istenmesi sonucunda, "Freud'a dönüş" hareketinin varlığı önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. S. Freud'un çocuk cinselliğine dayalı, egonun bütünlüğünü oluşturan dürtüyü kuramının en önemli parçası saydığı, Oedipus karmaşasını merkez olarak aldığı klasik psikanalizin üzerinden geçen yüzyıl sonunda, kendisini takip eden post-freudcu görüşe inananlar tarafından çok daha farklı noktalara getirilmiştir'. Her ülkenin kendi koşullarına göre düşünülmesi gereken psikanaliz uygulamaları içerisinde Fransız psikanalist Jacques Lacan ise "Freud'a dönüş" hareketini başlatmıştır. Yaşadığı ülkenin koşullarında sadece yapısalcılık akımından etkilenmeyen J. Lacan, bilinçdışını bir tür anlama yoluna gitmiştir. Bilinçdışının eklemlenmesi yolunun dilden geçtiği fikrinden yola çıkarak, S. Freud'un açıkladığı ruhsal süreçleri dilin ve aktarımın dayandığı noktalarla netleştirmeye çalışmıştır3. Tabii J. Lacan'ın bu çabalarının yanı sıra, kendi özgün teorisini kurma girişimlerini de dikkate almalıyız. Psikanaliz süreci dört temel eksen etrafında dönmektedir; bunlar aktarım, karşı aktarım, direnç ve yorumdur. Bu eksenlerin çerçevesinde açıklanacak olan psikanalitik sürecin içerdiği temel parametreler ise Ödipal çatışmayı hatırlatan kastrasyon karmaşası, annenin yasını yapabilme yani ayrılma sorunsalı ve parçalanma endişesidir. Bu parametreler ile psikanalitik çerçeve oluşturulduğunda, Freud'cu teori ile kendisinden sonra gelen yaklaşımların ayrıldığı noktalar daha net şekilde ortaya çıkacaktır.
Classical Freudian theory and its application
The aim of this study is to enlighten S.Freud's psychoanalytical theory based on sexuality and the unconscious after 100 [year]s of time. Psychoanalytical process is the result of a psychic work between the psychoanalyst and the analysed person'. In this shared work, the aim of all the psychoanalysts is to help the person to create his/her own history and to prevent them from suffering. There are two important concepts in the analytical context in order to create the analytical process; transmission and the transference. Nowadays as a result of changing some of the concepts in the psychoanalytical theory, an important movement of "Returning to Freud" begins to develop. After 100 [year]s of time, the post-freudians bring the classical theory, based on Oedipus complex and the importance of the drives, into a very different point2. Jacques Lacan is the pioneer of this "Back to Freud" movement in France, Not only he is influenced from the structuralism, but he also tried to understand the unconscious by the [language]. At the same time, he tried to have his own theory in this domaine. Psychoanalytical process has four dimensions; transference, counter transference, resistance and interpretation. By explaining these concepts, some parameters should be taken into consideration. These are the Oedipus complex, the separation problem and the anxiety. If the psychoanalytical setting is composed of these parameters, the differences between the Freudian theory and its followers will be understood easily.

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