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Yıl:2004; Cilt: 12; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 2004;12(Ek 1):0-0
Psikiyatrik genetik araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek genetik yöntemler: IV-B. İnsan genomu projesi ve psikiyatri genetiği
N Atabey, Ç Eresen, M Sakızlı
DNA yapısının çözümlendiği 1953 yılında, American Journal of Psychiatry dergisinde Franz Kallman’ın ikiz ve aile çalışmalarından elde edilen verilerden yararlanarak şizofreni ve duygu durum bozukluklarının genetik kökeni olduğunu tanımlayan bir derlemesi yayınlandı. Bu yıl, J.D.Watson, F.Crick ve M.Wilkins’in DNA’nın yapısını tanımlamalarının 50. yılı kutlandı. Bu aynı zamanda psikiyatrik hastalıkların genetik temelinin kanıtlanmasının da ellinci yılı... DNA yapısının keşfi sonrasında genetik araştırmalar büyük bir ivme kazandı ve 2002 yılında insan genomunun dizilenmesinin tamamlanması ile yarım yüzyıllık bir süreçte oluşan bilgi birikiminin tıp uygulamalarına transferi mümkün oldu. Kallman’ın derlediği veriler psikiyatrik hastalıkların genetiği ile ilgili araştırmalar için bir başlangıç noktası oluşturdu. Genetik alanındaki gelişmelerle paralel olarak iki disiplinin birarada gerçekleştirdikleri genetik linkaj ve asosiyasyon çalışmaları sonucunda pek çok aday gen saptandı. Ancak, elde edilen veriler diğer bazı hastalık gruplarında olduğu gibi hastalıklardan sorumlu genlerin tam olarak belirlenmesi ile sonuçlanmadı. Önceleri hayal kırıklığı yaratan bu sonuç, durumun psikiyatrik hastalıkların multifaktöriyel ve poligenik doğasından kaynaklandığının belirlenmesi ve insan genom projesinin tamamlanması sonrasında yeni bir atılımın başlangıcı oldu. İnsan genomunun DNA dizisi ve single nükleotid polimorfizm (SNP) haritaları gibi yeni verilerin sağlanması sonrasında psikiyatri genetiği ile ilgili araştırmalar yeni bir açılım kazandı ve araştırmalarda kullanılan yöntemler ve sorulan soruların değişmesine neden oldu. Endofenotipler ile yapılan genetik çalışmalar; hastalık temelli değil gen temelli olan genetik çalışmalar; farklı durumlardaki (hastalıklı- normal doku, beynin farklı bölgeleri, ilaç öncesi-sonrası..gibi) gen ekspresyonu profillerinin belirlenmesine yönelik çalışmalar ve bu çalışmaları kolaylaştıran microarray, SAGE, RNA parmak izi gibi yöntemlerin kullanımı artı. Bu yazıda psikiyatri genetiği alanında gelinen nokta, insan genom projesinin bu gelişmelere katkısı, günümüzde ve yakın gelecekte ulaşılması beklenen hedefler, hedeflere ulaşmada kullanılan yöntemler özetlenecektir.



In 1953, when the structure of DNA has been solved, Franz Kallman has published a review article defining a genetic basis for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. This [year], 50th Anniversary of the resolution of DNA structure by J.D.Watson, F.Crick and M. Wilkins was celebrated. This is also the fiftieth anniversary for definition of genetic basis of psychiatric diseases. After the discovery of DNA structure, genetic research has gained a great acceleration and by the completion of human genome sequencing in 2002, information could be transferred into medical practice. Kallman’s data has been a starting point for the genetic research on psychiatric disorders. In parallel with the improvements in genetic field, depending on the cooperative work of disciplines using linkage and association experiments some candidate genes could be determined. Unfortunately, no specific gene is found to cause the disorders. This caused a disappointment first but after the new improvements in Human Genome Project and being aware of the multifactorial and polygenic character of psychiatric disorders, new attempts seemed reasonable. Achievements in obtaining new data about human genome sequences and preparation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps brought a new insight into the psychiatric genetic research, and caused a change in questions and methods to use. Genetic experiments with endophenotypes, research at gene level instead of disease level, experiment aimed to analyze the expression profiles in special cases (diseased – normal tissue, specific regions of brain, before and after chemotherapy etc…) and the use of methods like, Microarray, SAGE, RNA finger printing have increased. In this review present status of psychiatric genetic, the benefit obtained from the human genome project, aims to be reached today and in near future and the methods to reach these aims will be covered.

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