Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2004; Cilt: 12; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 2004;12(Ek 1):0-0
Psikiyatrik genetik araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek genetik yöntemler: IV-A. Hastalık geni haritalanması
AN Akarsu, B Çakır
Hacettepe Ü. Tıp Fakültesi Ankara
Kromozom yerleşimi bilinmeyen bir hastalığın kromozom yerleşiminin tahmin edilmesi işlemi hastalık geni haritalaması olarak adlandırılır. Yöntem, hastalığın 1- fenotip açıdan tanımı, 2- DNA örneklerinin toplanması, 3- moleküler analizlerin tamamlanması ve 4- istatistik analizlerden oluşur. Uygulanacak istatistik analiz hakkında çalışmaya başlamadan önce karar vermek gereklidir. Hastalık genetik açıdan modellenebiliyorsa ve geniş aileler saptanmışsa model bağımlı analizler (bağlantı analizleri) kullanılır. Çalışılan hastalığın kalıtım kalıbı tam belirlenemiyorsa modelden bağımsız yaklaşım (ilişkilendirme analizleri) seçilmelidir. Seçilecek yaklaşıma farklı örnek toplama yöntemi gerektiren araştırma desenleri geliştirilir. Bağlantı analizleri için geniş ailelerden kalıtım kalıbı kuralları göz önünde tutularak örnek toplanması gerekirken, ilişkilendirme analizleri için vaka-kontrol, ana-baba-çocuk üçlüleri, etkilenmiş ve etkilenmemiş kardeşlerin karşılaştırılması, vaka-eş, ve vaka-çocuk desenleri kullanılabilir. Moleküler analizler her iki yaklaşımda da aynıdır (kromozom lokalizasyonu bilinen polimorfik bir gösterge ile ilgili DNA bölgelerinin çoğaltılması, jel elektroforezi ve genotipleme). Değerlendirmede bağlantı analizlerinde gösterge aleli ile hastalık alelinin kuşaklar boyunca birlikte kalıtılması değerlendirilirken, ilişkilendirme analizlerinde hastalıktan sorumlu olduğunu düşündüğümüz aday gen (genler) içinde bulunan risk alelinin hasta bireylerde seçilip seçilmediği araştırılır. Günümüzde tek bazlık DNA değişikliklerinin (SNP) saptanması özellikle hastalıklara genetik yatkınlıkların belirlenmesi çalışmalarında ve farmakogenetik alanda ilişkilendirme analizlerinin giderek önem kazanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu bölümde temel genetik kavramlar üzerinden mutasyon ve polimorfizim kavramları özetlenmiş, bağlantı ve ilişkilendirme analizleri karşılaştırmalı olarak anlatılmıştır. İlişkilendirme analizlerinde en çok kullanılan vaka-kontrol ve kalıtımda dengesiz aktarım (TDT analizi) istatistiğine ait hesaplamalar örnekler üzerinden verilmiştir.

Methods in psychogenetic research: IV-A. Disease gene mapping
Disease gene mapping is a process used to discover the genes contributing to human disorders. This process includes 1- qualified phenotypical description; 2- DNA sampling from relevant individuals; 3- molecular analysis and 4- statistical evaluation. Two different statistical approaches (model based versus model free analyses) can be used in gene mapping studies. Since the statistical approach shapes the sampling strategy, it should be determined at the begining of the study. Case and controls; parent-offspring trios, genetically discordant sibs (affected and non-affected sibs), case and spouse; case-offspring designs are the options for model free analysis (association studies) whereas multigeneration large multiplex families are necessary for model based approach (linkage analysis). Same molecular techniques are used in both approaches including site specific PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, staining and genotyping. For statistical evaluation, model based analysis detects significant co-segregation between the disease allele and DNA marker alleles through the generations. On the other hand, in the association studies signifacant association between a particular allele of a polymorphic DNA marker located in a candidate gene and the disease is searched. Association studies using single nucleotid variations (SNP) in candidate genes are particularly important to understand the genetic susceptibility of human disorders and pharmacogenetic issues. In this chapter, gene mapping strategies will be overviewed and two widely used association approaches (case control and transmission disequilibrium test) will be explained with examples.

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