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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2012;2(4):339-349
Yașlı hastada psikoz
Y Alıcı
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
Yaşlı hastada psikotik sendromlar sık görülür. Geropsikiyatri ünitelerinde yatan hastaların yaklaşık dörtte birinde psikotik semptomatoloji görülür. Psikotik belirtiler ve bulgularla hekime başvuran yaşlı hastada ayırıcı tanı oldukça geniştir. Santral sinir sistemini direkt ya da dolaylı yoldan etkileyen farklı patolojiler yaşlı hastada psikoz şeklinde klinik bulgu verebilir. Ayırıcı tanıda deliryum, demanslar, psikotik özellikli depresyon ve şizofreni öncelikle değerlendirilmelidir. İleri yaşta ortaya çıkan şizofreni ile uyumlu klinik prezantasyon tarih boyunca farklı şekillerde tanımlanmış ve farklı terimlerle literatüre geçmiştir. İki bin yılında, uluslararası geç başlangıçlı şizofreni grubu olarak adlandırılan, bu konuda uzmanlaşmış psikiyatristlerden oluşan uluslararası bir calışma grubu tarafından yaşlı hastada görülen şizofreniler başlangıç yaşına göre 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Geç başlangıçlı şizofreni (GBŞ) ve çok geç başlangıçlı şizofreni benzeri psikoz (ÇGBŞBP) adları altında 40 ve 60 yaş sonrası ortaya çıkan şizofreni sendromları tanımlanmıştır. Yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalar, fenomenoloji çalışmaları, risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi ve tedavi cevaplarının değerledirilmesi şizofreni alt grupları arasındaki farklılıkları ortaya koymuştur. Bu iki grup psikozlu yaşlı hasta populasyonun yanında erken başlangıçlı yaşlanmakta olan şizofreni hastaları da gözönüne alındığında, yaşlı dünya nüfusunun artışıyla önümüzdeki 20 yıl içerisinde şizofrenili yaşlı hasta nüfusunun yaklaşık iki katına çıkarak, 500000-1000000 civarında olacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu nedenle aile hekimlerinin ve genel psikiyatristlerin yaşlı psikotik hastaya yaklaşım, geç yaşta ortaya çıkan şizofrenilerin tanı ve tedavisi konusunda bilgi sahibi olmaları önemlidir.
Psychosis in the elderly
Psychotic syndromes are common in older adults, comprising about a fourth of all admissions to geriatric psychiatry inpatient units. A variety of pathologies affecting the central nervous system directly or indirectly can result in psychotic syndromes. Differential diagnosis of older aldults presenting with psychotic signs and symptoms primarily includes delirium, different types of dementias, depression with psychotic features, and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia with onset in late life has been described in the literature since mid 1900s and different terms have been used to define the late life schizophrenia syndromes. The use of different terminologies has led to heterogeneity of studies on the epidemiology, phenomenology, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia in older adults. In 2000 an international consensus has been established on nomenclature, diagnosis, and treatment guidelines for late onset schizophrenia, taking into account the differences in epidemiology, phenomenology, treatment responses, and identified pathologies. Since then a more uniform terminology is being used to define schizophrenia in late life. Onset of schizophrenia after the age of 40 has been referred to as late-onset schizophrenia, and onset after the age of 60 has been referred to as very late onset schizophrenia like psychosis. In the next 20 years with the growing elderly population worldwide the number of older patients with schizophrenia including those with early-onset schizophrenia, with late-onset schizophrenia, and very late-onset schizophrenia like psychosis is expected to double. Therefore family practitioners, internists, and general psychiatrists should be familiar with the assessment and treatment of older patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes.

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