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Yıl:2013; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2013;3(1):69-75
Sağlık anksiyetesi ve ölçümü
Ö Aydemir
Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa
Sağlık anksiyetesi tanım olarak aniden başlayarak çoğalan, ciddi bir hastalığı olduğu inancını pekiştiren bedensel duyumlarla ve değişikliklerle belirli bir yaşantıdır. Sağlık anksiyetesinin üç bileşeni bulunmaktadır: hastalık inancı, güvence arayışı ve yineleyici kontrol gereksinimi. Sağlık anksiyetesi kavramında çekirdek özellik bedensel duyumlardaki değişikliklerin bir hastalığa işaret ettiğine dair inançtır. Hastalık inancıyla beraber sağlık kurumlarına başvurunun temel motivasyonu güvence arayışıdır. Hasta belirtiyi hissettiği veya sorun yaşadığı beden bölgesini yineleyici biçimde yoklar, çeşitli biçimlerde zorlar ve hasta olmadığına kendini ikna etmeye çalışır. Bu yöntem hastada geçici bir rahatlama sağlar ama bir süre sonra anksiyete yeniden başlar. Sağlık anksiyetesi birçok yönüyle hipokondriyazis tanısına karşılık gelir. Öte yandan panik bozukluğundaki “belirtileri felaketleştirme” ve obsesif-kompulsif bozukluktaki “sağlıkla ilişkili obsesyon ve kompulsiyonlar” da tabloyu kavramlaştırmaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Sağlık anksiyetesinin oluşum düzeneğini en iyi biçimde bilişsel-davranışçı model açıklamaktadır. Yineleyici ve rahatsız edici bedensel belirtiler yerini rahatsız edici zihne giren düşünce ve imgelere bırakarak hastalığın süreğenleşmesine yol açar. Sağlık anksiyetesini değerlendirmede Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği ve Whiteley Endeksi gibi sağlık anksiyetesini doğrudan ölçen ölçeklerle, Bedensel Duyumları Abartma Ölçeği ve Belirti Yorumlama Anketi gibi altta yatan bilişsel çarpıtmayı değerlendiren ölçekler de kullanılmaktadır.
Health anxiety and its assessment
Health anxiety is a ubiquitous experience that arises when bodily sensations or changes are believed to be indicative of a serious disease. Health anxiety has three components: disease conviction, reassurance seeking, and recurrent checking. The core cognitive feature is the belief that bodily sensations and changes are due to disease processes. In addition to disease conviction, the main motivation to attend a health care center is the reassurance seeking. The patient recurrently checks the region of symptoms, makes a challenge for the health problems, and tries to convince himself/herself. Reassurance seeking and checking behaviors provide some relief from health anxiety but the effects are transient. Even though hypochondriasis overlaps remarkably with health anxiety, the catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations as in panic disorder or health-related obsessions and compulsions as seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder help to conceptualize health anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral model is the best to explain the mechanism of health anxiety. Intrusive and perpetuating bodily symptoms emerge, and then they subside and leave their place to intrusive thoughts and images causing health anxiety to become chronic. In the assessment of health anxiety, rating scales directly rating health anxiety such as Health Anxiety Scale and Whiteley Index, and assessments instruments assessing the underlying cognitive distortion such as Somatosensory Amplification Scale and Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire are in use.

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