Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2007; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2007;8(3):224-230
Panik bozukluğunda beyin görüntüleme çalışmaları
A Karabekiroğlu, K Karabekiroğlu, GB Cömert, V Topçuoğlu
Marmara Üniv. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, İSTANBUL
Amaç ve Yöntem: Panik bozukluğu (PB) yineleyici, beklenmedik panik ataklarına ek olarak başka ataklar
olacağına ilişkin sürekli kaygı duyma ve ataklarla ilişkili belirgin davranış değişiklikleri gösterme ile belirlenen bir
anksiyete bozukluğudur. PB ile ilgili beyin bölgeleri henüz net olarak ortaya konmamıştır. PB’nda panik ataklarının
beyin sapı kaynaklı olduğu, beklenti anksiyetesinin limbik yapılarla ilişkili olduğu ve agorafobinin ise frontal
korteksle ilişkili olduğu belirtilmiş olsa da, bu kadar kesin ayrımlar yapmanın olası olmadığını ortaya koyan
araştırmalar da vardır. Bu yazıda, PB hastalarında yapılmış yapısal ve işlevsel beyin görüntüleme çalışmaları
gözden geçirilecek ve panik bozukluğu ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülen başlıca nöroanatomik bölgeler tartışılacaktır.
Bulgular: Yapısal ve işlevsel beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarında, PB hastalarının kontrol olgularına göre belirli
farklılıklar gösterdiği bildirilmektedir. Bu farklılıklar özellikle parahipokampal alanlarda ve frontal kortekste olduğu
dikkati çekmektedir. PB olgularında sağ parahipokampal bölgede sola göre kanlanma artışı olduğu ve frontal
bölge aktivitesinde azalma olduğu saptanmıştır. Tartışma: Prefrontal korteksteki etkinlik düşüklüğü, amigdalada
görülen etkinlik artışı ile birliktelik göstermektedir. Prefrontal korteksin bir parçasını oluşturan ön singulat korteksin
duyusal girdinin emosyonel içeriğine daha duyarlı olduğu bildirilmektedir. Singulat korteks korku ile ilişkili otomatik
reaksiyonun oluşmasını engellemek amacı ile amigdala üzerinde baskılayıcı bir etkide bulunur. PB’nda prefrontal
kortekste görülen etkinlik azalması, amigdalanın anksiyetenin oluşumuna yol açan beyin yapılarını uygunsuz
olarak uyarmasına yol açabilmektedir. Sağ hemisferin otonomik işlev değişikliklerini ve içsel algıları kontrol ettiği
gösterilmiştir. Sağ parahipokampal alanda sola göre daha çok etkinlik artışı olması, PB hastalarının içsel
uyaranlara olan duyarlılık artışına işaret etmektedir.
Neuroimaging studies in panic disorder
Objectives and Methods: Panic disorder (PD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by repetetive, unpredicted
panic attacks in addition to anticipatory anxiety and significant behavioral disturbences related to panic
attacks. Brain regions which are related to PD are not adequately idendified. Despite panic attacks are assumed
to be related to brainstem, anticipatory anxiety to limbic structures and agoraphobia to frontal cortex, these
differentiations are not validated. This article reviews the structural and functional brain imaging studies in PD and
discusses the relations between certain neuroanatomic structures and PD. Results: In terms of structural and
functional neuroimaging findings, specific consistent differences are reported between PD patients and control
subjects. The differences are especially found in parahippocampal areas and frontal cortex. Patients with PD
have increased perfusion in right parahippocampal area in respect to left and decreased activity in frontal lobes. Discussion: Decreased activity in prefrontal area is related to increased activity seen in amygdala. Anterior
cingulate cortex which is a part of prefrontal cortex is reported to be sensitive to emotional content of sensory
input more. Cingulate cortex has an inhibitory effect on amygdala in order to inhibit spontaneous response related
to fear and anxiety. The decreased activity in prefrontal cortex that is reported in patients with PD may predispose
amygdala for inconvenient activation of structures that are responsible for anxiety symptoms. Right hemisphere is
shown to regulate autonomic functions and internal inputs. Increased perfusion in right parahippocampal area in
respect to left may be related to the increased sensitivity to internal inputs seen in patients with PD.

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