Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2006; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 12>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2006;2(12):68-80
Anksiyete Bozukluklarında İlaç Tedavileri
S Aslan, N Yüksel
Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri ABD, ANKARA
Anksiyete bozukluktan yaygın görtllen ve önemli yetiyitimine neden olan durumlardır. Anksiyete bozuklukları tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı terapi ve ilaç tedavileri önemli yer tutmaktadır. Bu gözden geçirmede Anksiyete bozukluktan tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlarla ilgili randomize, plasebo kontrollü çalışmalar, açık çalışmalar ve olgu bildirimleri 1990 yılındna 2006 yılına kadar medline kullanıla¬rak taranmıştır.
Anksiyete bozuklukarı önceleri anksiyete bozukluklan sadece benzodiazepinlerle tedavi edilmeye çalışılırken, Trisiklik antidepre-sanlardan (TSA) imipramin ve klomipraminin etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir, sonrasında 5HTla agonisti Buspironun yaygın ankisyete bozukluğunda etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Serotonin geri alım engelleyicilerinin (SGE) yaygın kullanılmaya başlanmasında sonra TSA ilaçlardan çok daha etkili biçimde depresyon yanı sua bütün anksiyete bozukluklarında SGE'lerin yeri olduğu gösterilmiştir. SGE'ler arasında etkililik farkları gözlenmektedir. Serotonerjik noradrenerjik geriahm engelleyicilerinin de (SNGE) SGE'ler kadar etkili olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Anksiyete bozukluklarında ilaç tedavileri ile ilgili plasebo kontrollü klinik çalışmaların bulguları özetlenecek olursa:
Panik bozuklukta birinci sırada SGE ilaçlar yer alır. Bu grup içinde paroksetin etkinliği daha çabuk kendini göstermektedir. İkinci seçenek olarak tedavinin ilk haftalarında SGE ve alprazolam kombinasyonu planlanabilir. Diğer seçenekler arasında venlafaksin, TSA ilaçlar arasında klomipramin ve imipramin sayılabilir. Yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu tedavisinde buspiron, SGE'ler paroksetin, sitalopram, essitalopram, SNGE'lerden venlafaksin etkinliği kanıtlanmıştır. Antikonvülzan ilaçların panik ve yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu tedavisinde etkinliği destekleyen gözlemler vardır.
Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu tedavisinde SGE ilaçlar, SNGE'ler arasında venlafaksin, geridönUşlü monoamino oksidaz inhibitörü (MAOI) moklobemid birinci seçenek olarak kullanılabilir. Geridönüş-süz MAOI'leri ikinci seçenek olarak düşünülmesi gereken ilaçlardır. Sosyal fobide B blokerler tabloya eşlik eden taşikardi, titreme, terleme gibi otonomik belirtileri önlemede yüksek oranda etkindirler. Performans anksiyetesini kontrolünde yardımcı oalbilir, en sık kullanılanlar propranolol ve atenololdur.
Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu tedavisinde SGE'lerin etkinliği kanıtlanmıştır. Mirtazapin, Nefazodon ve venlafaksinin etkinliği ile ilgili kanıtlar vardır. Trisiklik antidepresanlar ve MAOI'leri ikinci ve üçüncü seçenek olabilir. B blokerlerin kullanımı ve duygudurum dengeleyicilerle ilgili olgu bildirimleri vardır.
Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tedavisinde SGE ilaçlar kanıtlanmış etkinlikleri ve yan etkilerinin az oluşu nedeniyle birinci seçenek olarak yüksek dozlarda uygulanmalıdır, yanıt alınamayan durumlarda klomipramin etkili dozlarda kullanılmalıdır. Tedaviye yanıt yetersiz ise Triptofan, Fenfluramin, Lityum, Pindolol, Buspiron süren tedaviye eklenebilir. Bunların yanı sıra dopamin antagonistleri, serotonin dopamin antagonistleri, antikonvülzan eklenmesi ile ilgili kanıtlar vardır.
Günümüzde anksiyete bozukluklarının tedavisinde gelişmelere sürmektedir, antikonvülzanların, seçici benzodiazepin agonistlerinin, nöropeptidlerin etkisi araştırılmaktadır.
Pharmacotherapy Of Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders were common conditions that cause important functional disability. Cognitive behavioral and pharmacological therapies have great importance in treatment of anxiety disorders. In this article, we have reviewed randomized studies, placebo controlled studies, open studies, and case reports on pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders were covered using Medline search for the [year]s between 1990 and 2006.
In the early periods while only benzodiazepines were used to treating anxiety disorders, later tricyclic (TCA) antidepressants (imipramine, and clomipramin) were found to be effective and later, as a 5HTla agonist, buspiron was shown to be effec¬tive. After the Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) become widely used, it was shown that, as even being more effective than TCA's, SSRI's played an important role for treatment of all types of anxiety disorders besides depression. Different effectiveness and side effect profiles observed within SSRI's group. It is found that Serotonergic noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are also as effective as SSRI's. Placebo controlled clinical studies' findings related to pharmacologic therapies of anxiety disorders could be summarized as follows:
For panic disorders, SSRI drugs are the first line medications. Among this group, paroksetine appear to have a quicker resultant effect. As the secondary choice, SSRI and alprazolam combination therapy can be planned. For the other preferences, venlafaxine, and among the TCA's, clomipramin and imipramine can be considered. It is proven that generalized anxiety disorders are successfully treated by using buspiron, SSRIs (paroksetine, citalopram, escitalopram) and with venlafaxine. There are observations suggesting that anticonvulsant drugs are effective in treating panic and generalized anxiety disorders.
For social anxiety disorder treatments, SSRI's, venlafaxine and reversible monoamine oxidize inhibitor (MAOI) moclobemid can be considered as first line treatment choice, MAOIs should be treated as secondary choices. In Social phobia, 6 blockers are highly effective to prevent autonomic symptoms that associates with the overall picture like tachycardia, trembling, sweating. It can be useful in performance anxiety treatment, and most commonly used ones are propranolol and atenolol.
SSRIs' effectiveness have been proven for therapy of post traumatic stress disorders. There are evidences that mirtazapine, nefazodon and venlafaxine are effective. Tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs can be considered as secondary or even third order choices. There are case reports suggesting that using B blockers and mood stabilizers may be helpful.
In pharmacologic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), SSRIs* should be used in first line treatment with higher doses because of their proven effectiveness and lesser side effects. In non-responders, clomipramin should be used in its effective doses, triptofan, fenfluramin, lityum, pindolol, buspiron can be combined with the ongoing treatment. Beside of those, there are evidences of dopamine antagonists, serotonin-dopamin antagonists anticonvulsant combinations can be place in treatment of resistant OCD.
Developments are continued in pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders, newer anticonvulsants, selective benzodiazepine agonists, and neuropep-tids are tested for clinical treatment

http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-white-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-ostrich-vein-6108-black-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-dark-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-green-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-wallet-camel-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-green-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-togo-leather-6108-electric-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-pink-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-croco-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-dark-blue-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-h-wallet-royal-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-grey-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-burgundy-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-30cm-birkin-bag-togo-leather-with-strap-light-pink-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-rose-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-red-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-in-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-picotin-lock-togo-leather-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-green-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbag-yellow-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-gold-light-coffee.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-28cm-bag-togo-leather-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-burgundy-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-dark-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-light-coffee-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-hot-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-white.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-leather-handbag-black-hot-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-brown-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-wallet-togo-leather-rose.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bi-fold-wallet-h006-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-orange-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-h-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-crocodile-leather-handbag-grey-white-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-dark-khaki-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-canvas-handbag-yellow.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-8616-handbag-cherry-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-camel.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-togo-leather-orange-silver.html