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Yıl:2020; Cilt: 27; Sayı: 3>> Özet
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Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi; 2020;27(3):156-162
Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Olan Ergenlerin Psikiyatrik İzlemleri: Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Psikiyatri Kliniği Deneyimi
GY Akgül, BY Budak, AB Ayaz, NP Fiş
Tekirdağ Devlet Hastanesi, Tekirdağ
Amaç: Cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğu olan ergenlerin psikiyatri takibi süresince başvuru belirtilerinin devam etme durumlarının, işlevsellik düzeylerinin ve eşlik eden psikiyatrik bozuklukların araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Olguların cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğu ile ilişkili belirtileri DSM-5 temel alınarak, komorbid psikiyatrik tanılar ise okul çağı çocukları için duygulanım bozuklukları ve şizofreni görüşme çizelgesi-şimdi ve yaşam boyu versiyonu ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sosyodemografik form, Çocuklar için Davranış Değerlendirme Ölçeği (ÇDDÖ) ve Çocuklar için Genel Değerlendirme Ölçeği (ÇGDÖ) kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmamıza 20 kız (13,51±3,96 yaş), 33 erkek (12,94±3,78 yaş) ergen katılmıştır. Belirtilerin başlangıç yaşı 7,42±4,14 yıl; psikiyatri kliniğine başvuru yaşı 11,35±3,99 yıl idi. Belirtilerin başlangıç yaşı ve başvuru yaşı açısından cinsiyetler arası fark saptanmadı. Olguların %73,6’sında en az bir psikopatoloji saptandı. Saptanan psikiyatrik bozukluklar dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (%47,2), karşıt olma-karşı gelme bozukluğu (%9,4), davranım bozukluğu (%5,7), yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu (%3,8), özgül fobi (%9,4), sosyal fobi (%15,1), seperasyon anksiyetesi (%5,7) ve majör depresyon (%18,9) idi. Ergenlerin %29,2’si ÇDDÖ içe yönelim, %52,1’i dışa yönelim, %31,3’ü toplam sorun alanında klinik düzeyde puan almıştır. Ergenlerin %67,3’ünde halen cinsiyet kimliği ile ilgili belirtiler devam etmekteydi, %37,3’ünde ÇGDÖ puanlarına göre işlevselliklerinde bozulma mevcuttu. Ergenlerin %46,2’sinin psikiyatrik takibi devam etmekteydi, psikiyatrik takip süresi ortalama 21,58±20,46 ay idi, %25’i eşlik eden ruhsal belirtiler nedeniyle tıbbi tedavi almıştı. Çoklu regresyon analizinde, ÇDDÖ içe yönelim puanlarının artmasının (p=0,004), gelir düzeyindeki yükselmenin (p=0,040) ve erkek cinsiyette olmanın (p=0,046) takipte işlevsellikteki bozulmayı artırdığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Natal erkek cinsiyette olmanın ve içe yönelim belirtileri varlığının, gençlerin işlevselliklerinin bozulmasında rol oynayan faktörler olduğu saptanmıştır. Toplumumuzun kültürel özelliklerinin de bu sonuç üzerinde etkisi olduğu düşünülebilir. Cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğu olan gençlerde bir azınlık olmanın verdiği stres ve deneyimlenen cinsiyet ile eşleşmeyen bir bedende yaşamanın verdiği sıkıntı sonucunda yüksek oranlarda eşlik eden psikiyatrik bozukluklar ve işlevsellik kaybı saptanmaktadır.
Psychiatric Follow-up of Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Child Psychiatry Clinic Experience
Objectives: We aimed to investigate the persistence of symptoms, functioning levels and comorbid psychiatric disorders during the psychiatric follow-up of adolescents with gender dysphoria. Materials and Methods: The symptoms associated with gender dysphoria were evaluated based on DSM-5 criteria, whereas the comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were evaluated by kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. The instruments included were a sociodemographic form, child behavior checklist (CBCL), and Children’s Global Assessment scale (CGAS). Results: Twenty female (mean age=13.51±3.96 years) and 33 male (mean age=12.94±3.78 years) adolescents were included. The mean age of the onset of symptoms was 7.42±4.14 years and the mean age of first admission to the psychiatry clinic was 11.35±3.99 years. There were no differences between genders with regard to age of the onset of symptoms and age of first admission. At least one psychopathology was found in 73.6% of the cases, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (47.2%), oppositional defiant disorder (9.4%), conduct disorder (5.7%), generalized anxiety disorder (3.8%), specific phobia (9.4%), social phobia (15.1%), separation anxiety (5.7%), major depression (18.9%). Of the adolescents, 31.3% had total CBCL score, 29.2% had internalizing problem scores and 52.1% had externalizing problem scores above clinical range. 67.3% continued to have symptoms related to gender identity and 37.3% had impaired functioning according to CGAS scores. The mean duration of psychiatric follow-up was 21.58±20.46 months and 46.2% of the adolescents still in the psychiatric follow-up. One fourth of the sample had received medication due to comorbid psychiatric symptoms. In the multiple regression analysis, the increase in CBCL internalizing scores (p=0.004), increase in the level of income (p=0.040) and male gender (p=0.046) were found to decrease the functionality during the follow-up. Conclusion: In individuals with gender dysphoria, having natal male gender and internalizing problems seemed to contribute to the decrease in functioning. Social and cultural features may also have substantial impact. Distress related to being a part of a minority group and having an assigned-experienced gender conflict may lead to psychiatric comorbidities and decrease in functioning.

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