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Yıl:2020; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 17>> Özet
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Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2020;8(17):270-283
İşlevsel Özelleşmeye Yeni Bir Bakış: Nöronal Saatler
G Ünal, İ Ayhan
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Bilişsel psikoloji ve sinirbilimin temel kuramlarından biri olan işlevsel özelleşme, beyin yapılarının belirli duyusal, duygusal, bilişsel ve motor görevleri yerine getirmek üzere oluştuğunu belirtir. Buna göre serebellum beynimizin hassas motor koordinasyon, basal ganglia istemsel hareket ve motivasyon, hipokampus ise deklaratif bellek ve mekânsal yön bulma merkezidir. Genel hatlarıyla geçerliliğini koruyan bu yaklaşım, her bir beyin yapısının katkı sunduğu diğer işlevler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda eksik kalmaktadır. Sinirbilimde özellikle son yıllarda, beyin bölgelerinin kendilerine atfedilen esas görevleri dışındaki işlevlerini ortaya çıkaran detaylı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Klasik işlevsel özelleşme anlayışının ötesine geçen bu çalışmalar ile beyin bölgeleri, birden çok işlevde rol alabilmelerini sağlayan hesaplama kabiliyetleri üzerinden değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu anlayışa göre, esasen bir dizilim üreteci olan beynimizdeki birçok yapı, farklı zihinsel ve davranışsal süreçlere katkı sunabilen birer zamansal düzenleme makinesi veya nöronal saat olarak çalışır. Bu derleme, sinirbilime gittikçe egemen olan bu yeni paradigmanın tarihsel gelişimini ve temel çalışma ilkelerini incelemektedir. Nöronal saat olgusunun temelinde yatan beyin salınımları, nöronal hesaplamalara sağladıkları zamansal çerçeve bakımından ele alınmaktadır. Farklı frekans bantlarında beyin salınımlarının egemen olduğu serebellum, basal ganglia ve hipokampus, farklı zamansal çözünürlük gerektiren çeşitli işlevler için genel çözümler üreten nöronal saatler olarak incelenmektedir.
A New Look At Functional Specialization: Neuronal Clocks
Functional specialization, a core theory in neuroscience, states that brain structures have emerged to carry out specific sensory, affective, cognitive and motor functions. For instance, the cerebellum, basal ganglia and hippocampus respectively regulate fine motor coordination, voluntary action and motivation, and declarative memory and navigation. This generally-accepted approach provides only a partial explanation when we consider all the other functions that require these brain structures. Neuroscientific research has growingly focused on these other functions of individual brain regions in recent years. Going beyond a classical understanding of functional specialization, brain regions are now studied concerning their computational capabilities that allow them to contribute to several different tasks. According to this view, subregions of the brain constitute temporal organization machines, or neuronal clocks, that contribute to various cognitive and behavioral processes. This review portrays the historical foundations and working principles of this new paradigm increasingly dominating contemporary neuroscience. Brain oscillations that underlie the concept of neuronal clock are studied with regards to the temporal framework they provide for neuronal computations. The cerebellum, basal ganglia and hippocampus, dominated by oscillations at different frequency ranges, are examined as neuronal clocks that provide generic solutions for various functions requiring different temporal resolutions.

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