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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2018;8(1):46-52
Kitlesel şiddet olayları sonrası örgütlenme ve psikolojik ilk yardım
Z Oğlağu
İstanbul Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul
Kitlesel şiddet; insan eliyle oluşturulan, çoğunlukla savaş ya da çatışma zamanlarında meydana gelen, sivilleri hedef alan; bombalama, ateşli silahla saldırı ve biyolojik saldırıları tanımlar. Bir kitlesel şiddet olayı ardından ortaya çıkan krizin başarılı yönetimi için hızlı devlet müdahalesi ile ikinci bir saldırının ya da hasarın büyümesinin önlenmesi, doğru ve hızlı bilgi akışının uygun şekilde sağlanması ve etkilenen kişilere ruhsal destek çalışmalarının yapılması zorunludur. Kitlesel şiddet olayları sonrası ruhsal hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasını önleyen ve ruhsal dayanıklılığı artıran en önemli faktörün; erken dönemde organize edilen koruyucu ve önleyici ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin düzenlenmesi olduğu bilinmektedir. Psikososyal destek çalışmaları birey, aile ve toplulukların var olan ruhsal veya sosyal kapasitelerini artırma çalışmalarını içeren hizmetleri tanımlar. Afet sonrası ortaya çıkabilecek ruhsal sorun ve bozuklukların önlenmesi, etkilenenlerin olağan yaşamlarına geri dönmesi ve yeni yaşamlarına uyum sağlaması sürecinde birey, aile ve toplumun kendi kapasitelerini fark etmelerini ve güçlenmelerini içerir. Günümüzde psikososyal destek çalışmaları, afetler ve kitlesel şiddet olayları ardından yürütülen insani yardım faaliyetlerinin ayrılmaz ve vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Psikolojik ilk yardım ise; doğal afetler, terörizm ve diğer kitlesel şiddet olaylarını yaşamış kişilere yardım sağlayan bir çerçevenin ana hatlarını belirtir. İlk günlerde yapılması gereken ruhsal tedavi değil kişiye eşlik etmek, gereksinimlerini saptamak ve en kısa zamanda ihtiyaç duyduklarını sağlamak olmalıdır. İlk yardımın amacı, bir şiddet olayı yaşamış olan kişinin duruma uyum sağlaması ve zorluklara karşı kısıtlı olan kaynakları kullanmasının yollarını açmaktır.
Organization and psychological first aid after mass violence
Mass violence is defined as man-made violence targeting civilians, -mostly during wars and conflicts- such as bombing, firearm assaults and biological attacks. Successful management of the crisis that occurs after an act of mass violence must include a rapid intervention from the state that prevents a second attack or mitigates the damage, proper adjustments that allow correct and fast flow of information and providing emotional support for those affected by violence. Organizing preventive and protective services in terms of psychological health during the early aftermath of mass violence is considered as the most important factor for preventing the development of psychological disorders and increasing psychological resilience. Psychosocial support services are defined as integrative services that include efforts to increase the psychological or social capacity of individuals, families, groups and communities. They include the realization and enforcement of those capacities of the individual, the family and the society which will help not only in preventing psychological problems or disorders that might occur after trauma, but also in getting their life back or adjusting to their new lives. Today, psychosocial support services are essential parts of humanitarian aid delivered after disasters and acts of mass violence. In the meantime, psychological first aid defines the outline of a frame of help for those who were affected by disasters, terrorism or other acts of mass violence. What needs to be done during the first few days is not providing psychological treatment, but accompanying the person, determining his or her needs and providing them as soon as possible. The aim of the first aid is to open new roads for the individual who had been through violence for adjusting to the situation and using the limited resources in the face of difficulty.

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