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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2018;8(1):24-36
Kitlesel travmalar sonrası akut dönemde ilk ruhsal değerlendirme ve müdahale
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Kadıköy, İstanbul
21. yüzyılın ilk yılları insanlık tarihine tüm dünyada silahlı çatışmanın, savaşın, terör olaylarının yaşandığı bir dönem olarak kaydedilecektir. Bu kitlesel travmalar uygarlığı, şehirleri, ekolojiyi tahrip etmekte ve birçok insanın ölümüne, yaralanmasına yol açmaktadır. Kitlesel travmaların psikolojik ve sosyal etkileri akut dönemde kısa sürebilir, ancak etkilenen topluluğun psikososyal iyilik halini ve ruhsal sağlığını uzun süreli olarak etkiler. Kitlesel travmalar, olay öncesi (hazırlık aşaması), etkilenme ve etkilenme sonrası olarak üç döneme ayrılabilir. Etkilenme dönemi acil müdahale ve yetkin organizasyon gerektiren bir dönemdir. Kitlesel bir travmadan etkilenenlerle çalışırken ne yapılması kadar ne yapılmaması gerektiğini de bilmek önemlidir. Bu dönemin önceliklerinden ilki insanların psikososyal iyilik halini ve ruhsal sağlıklarını korumak ve geliştirmektir. Kadınlar, çocuklar, yaşlı insanlar, yoksullar vb gruplar birçok problem nedeniyle farklı aciliyetler için risk altındadır. Bir insani yardım elemanı olarak ruh sağlığı profesyonelleri etkilenen tüm insanların insan haklarının korunmasını desteklemeli ve insan hakları ihlalleri için yüksek risk altındaki kişi ve toplulukları koruma altına almalıdır. Kitlesel travmalardan sonra olayın niteliği, kişilerin etkilenme derecesi, olayın büyüklüğü ve kapsamı, tekrarlama olasılığı ve etkilenen mağdurların özellikleri ruhsal hastalık gelişimini belirleyici etmenlerdir. Kitlesel travmalarda olaydan doğrudan etkilenen kişiler, ilk hafta içinde mutlaka ruhsal açıdan da değerlendirilmelidir. Olayın ilk günlerinde ruhsal hizmet sunarken her zaman toplum tabanlı psikososyal müdahaleler planlanmalıdır. Ruhsal açıdan değerlendirme yapılırken görüşülen her kişinin kaydedilmesi ve böylelikle yakınlarına ulaşmasının sağlaması ruhsal açıdan destekleyici bir müdahaledir. Olayın erken dönemlerinde birçok ruhsal belirtinin sergilenmesi olağandır. İlk 48 saat mümkün olduğunca herhangi bir farmakolojik müdahaleden kaçınılmalıdır. Şiddetli ruhsal belirtileri olanlar sık aralıklarla takibe alınmalıdır. İlk değerlendirmede psikotik belirtiler, deliryum, kognitif bozukluklar mutlaka dikkatle sorgulanmalıdır. Bu yazıda kitlesel travmalar sonrası ilk değerlendirme ve müdahale ele alınarak risk etmenleri ve incinebilir gruplara özgül müdahaleler ele alınacaktır.
Psychiatric assessment and interventions in the acute phase of mass trauma
First years of the 21st century were recorded as a period of clashes, war, and terrorist incidents widespread around the world. Mass traumas destroy civilization, cities, ecology and lead to many injuries and casualties. The psychological and social impacts of mass traumas may be acute in the short term, but they can also undermine the long-term mental health and psychosocial well-being of the affected population. Mass traumas can be discussed in three phases; pre-event (preparation), impact and post-impact. The impact phase is the time interval in which urgent intervention and comprehensive organization are required. To know what not to do is as important as to carry out the necessities while working with mass trauma victims. One of the priorities in this period is to protect and improve people’s mental health and psychosocial well-being. Women, children, combatants, elderly people, poor people and so on frequently have been shown to be at increased risk of various problems in diverse emergencies. Primarily, mental health professionals as a humanitarian actor should promote the human rights of all affected persons and protect individuals and groups who are at heightened risk of human rights violations. Features of the event, level of impact on victims, magnitude and extent of the event, probability of reoccurrence, and qualities of the victims are determining factors for developing a mental disorder. People who were directly exposed to the mass trauma must be examined in first week for mental health as well. Mental health service delivery must always be planned as community based psychosocial interventions on following days of the incident. Recording each individual during assessment and in this way reaching the close ones would be a supportive mental health intervention. Various symptoms might be presented in early stages after trauma. Pharmacological interventions must be avoided as much as possible in first 48 hours. Individuals with severe mental symptoms should be monitored in frequent intervals. At first assessment psychotic symptoms, delirium, cognitive disruptions must be questioned carefully. In this article first assessment and intervention following mass trauma will be revised as well as risk factors and specific interventions for vulnerable populations.

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