Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2005; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 47>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2005;1(47):79-88
Eroin Bağımlılığı
ÖA Kalyoncu
Psikiyatri AD, Maltepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İSTANBUL
Eroin, ilk olarak 1874 yılında tabii içeriği afyon çiçeği olan morfinden sentezlenen, kullanıldığında kısa süreli yoğun öfori oluşturan, genellikle hızlı tolerans ve yoksunluk geliştirdiği için şiddetli bağımlılık yapan, yasadışı olarak yaygın kullanılan bir uyuşturucudur. Eroin, burundan enfiye şeklinde çekmek, dumanını içmek ve enjekte etmek dahil birçok yolla alınabilir. En yoğun ve hızlı öforik etki damardan enjeksiyonu ile elde edilir. Alımı ile kan-beyin bariyerini geçen eroin burada morfine dönüşür ve hızlıca opioid reseptörlerine bağlanır. Eroin kullanımı; zehirlenme, enfeksiyon ve kötü sağlık koşulları gibi tıbbi sonuçlara neden olabilir. Düzenli kullanıcılarda, son alımdan birkaç saat sonra yoksunluk belirtileri görülür. Tedavi uygulanmasa bile normal şartlarda ölümcül olmayan yoksunluk dönemi ancak genel sağlık durumu çok kötü olan bağımlılarda yaşam tehlikesine ve hamile bağımlılarda fetus ölümüne neden olabilir. Detoksifikasyon tedavileri ile yoksunlukta görülen semptomlarını oluşturduğu sıkıntılar hafifletilir. Ancak detoksifikasyon bağımlıların uzun dönem tedavilerine geçişte yardımcıdır, tek başına bağımlılık için bir tedavi şekli değildir. Eroin bağımlılığı için davranışsal terapileri de içeren geniş tıbbi tedavi seçenekleri vardır. Opioid agonistler (ör. methadone, levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol), opioid antagonisti (ör. naltrexone), merkezi etkin alfa-adrenerjik agonisti (clonidine), ve kısmi opiyat agonisti (buprenorphine) içeren etkili birçok farmakoterapi vardır. Ancak ülkemizde bu ilaçlar halen temin edilememektedir. Bu bölümde birçok perspektiften incelenebilen eroin bağımlılığı hakkındaki bilgilerimizin güncelleştirilerek eroinin farmakolojik ve kullanım özellikleri, akut ve kronik kullanımın olumsuz etkileri, ruhsal bozukluklar ile olan ilişkisi ve tedavi yaklaşımları gözden geçirilmiştir.

Heroin Dependence
Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is also widely and illegally used as a powerful and addictive drug producing temporary intense euphoria with increasing rapid tolerance, and abstinence. Heroin can be taken or administered in a number of ways, including snorting, smoking, and injecting. Intravenous injection produces the greatest intensity and most rapid onset of euphoria. After ingestion, heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier, converts to morphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors in the brain. Heroin use can lead to many medical consequences such as overdose, infections and poor health conditions. Withdrawal in regular abusers may occur as early as a few hours after the last
administration. Sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users who are in poor health is occasionally fatal. Although heroin withdrawal is not usually fatal in an otherwise healthy adult, it can cause the death of the fetus of a pregnant addict. Detoxification relieves the
withdrawal symptoms experienced when substance use is discontinued. Detoxification is not a treatment for dependence, although it can be used to aid in transition to a long-term treatment. There is a broad range of treatment options for heroin addiction, including medications as well as behavioral therapies. There are a number of effective
pharmacotherapies including opioid agonists (e.g. methadone, levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol), an opioid antagonist (naltrexone), a central acting alpha-adrenerjic agonist (clonidine), and a partial opioid
agonist (buprenorphine). But all these medications are not available in Turkey yet. This chapter is a review of the current status of our knowledge of heroin dependence. Heroin is discussed in several perspectives. These include pharmacology, pattern of abuse, acute and chronic adverse effects, and its relationship to mental illness.
Diagnostic and treatment issues are considered.

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