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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi; 2018;1(1):41-53
Lacanyen Psikanalitik Kuram ve Öznenin Konumu
K Tuzgöl
1901-1981 yılları arasında yaşayan Fransız psikanalist Jacques Lacan Sigmund Freud’un psikanaliz kuramına felsefi bir bakış açısı kazandırması ve yapısalcı dilbilimine olan yakınlığı ile ön plana çıkan bir kuramcıdır. Psikanaliz ile dilbilimi çalışmaları arasında ilişki kuran Lacan'ın psikanalitik kuramının temel ilkelerinden biri olarak kabul edilen ve bilinçdışına ilişkin olan yaklaşımını "Bilinçdışı bir dil gibi yapılanmıştır" cümlesi ile ifade etmiştir. Kendi psikanaliz çalışmalarını Freud’a dönüş hareketi olarak da adlandıran ve psikanalitik kuram içerisinde felsefi süreçlere yakınlığı ve özneye bakış açısının farklılığı ile öne çıkan Lacan, kuramında, kendilik psikolojisinin benlik ve kendiliği; bilinçdışı, altbenlik ve özne aleyhine yapılanmış bir tasarım olarak gördüğünü ifade eder. Ve bu bakış açısı nedeni ile de kendilik psikolojisinin belli bir insan modelini tasarladığını ve bu tasarım insan modeline ulaşmaya çalıştığını düşünmektedir. Kuramını bu anlatılan duruma karşı bir yanıt olarak oluşturmuştur. Lacan, Freud’un çalışmalarında kullanmış olduğu benlik (Ich) olarak adlandırdığı kavramı özne olarak yorumlamıştır. Bu ortaya koyduğu farklılığın amacını Freud’un çalışmalarının Freud sonrası dönemin ego psikolojisi çalışmaları ile arasındaki farkı ortaya koyma çabası olarak ifade edebiliriz. Lacan, döneminin birçok diğer psikanalistinin ve benlik psikologlarının çalışmalarında amaçladıklarının benliği, yaptıkları analizlerle güçlendirmeye çalıştıklarını ve Lacan’ın ortaya koyduğu şekli ile özneyi, kendi bilinçdışı arzusuna yabancılaştıran, bir hayal ürünü ve öteki ile inşa olan yansıtmalı bir sürecin içerisinde değerlendirdiklerini ve çalıştıklarını ifade etmiştir. Lacan’ın çalışmaları ile ayrıca, arzu, jouissance, öteki (autre), Öteki (Autre), bilinçdışı özne, nesne a, ayna evresi gibi terimler ve çalışma alanları da oluşmuştur. Bu sunum ile ruh sağlığı alanında çalışan meslek profesyonellerine, psikanalitik kurama ve kendilik psikolojisi alanına felsefi ve dilbilimsel anlamda yeni bakış açısı ortaya koyması bağlamında Lacanyen psikanalitik kuramın genel yaklaşımlarının paylaşılması amaçlanmaktadır.
Lacanian Psychoanalytical Theory and the Position of Subject
Lived between 1901-1981, Jacques Lacan is a theoretician who is known for providing a philosophical perspective to Sigmund Freud’s pyschoanalytical theory and who is also known for his affinity with structural linguistics. Drawing a connection between psychoanalysis and linguistics, Lacan expressed his approach to the unconscious as “The unconscious is structured like a language” which is accepted as one of the key principles of Lacanian psychoanalysis. Calling his own studies of psychoanalysis as a return to Freud, Lacan argues that psychology of selfhood sees ego and selfhood as a design constructed against unconscious, alter ego and subject. Thus, he thinks that the psychology of selfhood has designed a certain human modal due to this viewpoint, and that it tries to reach this designed human modal. He has constructed his theory as a counter-response to this situation. Lacan interpreted Frued’s concept “Ich” as subject. We can think of the aim of this difference as an attempt to set himself apart from the ego psychology studies of post-Freudian time and Freud’s studies. Lacan expressed that many other psychoanalyists and ego psychologists of his time aimed to strengthen the ego through their analyses, and that they evaluated the self as put forward by Lacan within a reflective and imaginary process constructed with the other that alienates the subject to his or her own unconscious. Through Lacan’s studies, such concepts and study areas as desire, jouissance, other (autre), Other (Autre), unconscious subject, objet petit a, and the mirror stage. With this presentation, the aim is to share the general approaches to Lacanian psychoanalysis in order to put forth a new perspective in terms of philosophy and linguistics to the field of ego psychology as well as to the theory of psychoanalysis for professionals working in the field of mental health.

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