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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 7; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Journal of Mood Disorders; 2017;7(2):79-85
Doğum öncesi ve sonrası faktörlerin okul çağı klinik örneklemde psikopatoloji ile ilişkisi
V Görmez, AC Örengül, Y Meral, TB Kaynar, E Ertaş
Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Amaç: Çalışmalar, annede yüksek gebelik stresinin, çocuğun daha kısa süre anne sütü ile beslenmesi ve dışa yönelim sorunları ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) gibi tanılar alması ile ilişkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Fakat pre ve postnatal dönemlerdeki çeşitli faktörlerin çocuklardaki psikopatoloji ile ilişkisini araştıran yerli çalışmalar yetersizdir ve sonuçlar tutarlı değildir. Ayrıca mevcut çalışmalar ya sadece belirli tanısal gruplar üzerine yoğunlaşmış ya da okul öncesi yaş grubu üzerinden sadece ölçek kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Mevcut çalışmanın amacı, bu faktörlerin okul çağı çocuklarında içe yönelim ve dışa yönelim sorunları ve varlığı ile ilişkisini kesitsel tanıların yarı-yapılandırılmış klinik görüşme ile konulduğu ve boyutsal analizin ölçek ile desteklendiği klinik örneklemde araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Bezmialem Vakıf Üniversitesi Hastanesi, Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Polikliniğine Haziran 2016 ile Aralık 2016 tarihleri arasında başvuran, 6–18 yaş aralığındaki olgular çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. İçe yönelim sorunları tanısı konan 100, dışa yönelim sorunları tanısı konan 175 çocuk ve ayrıca ergen ile klinik değerlendirmede herhangi bir psikiyatrik bozukluk saptanmayan ve tedavi ihtiyacı olmadığı için ilk görüşme sonrasında taburcu edilen 59 çocuk ve ergen çalışmaya alınmıştır. Olguların tanıları Okul Çağı Çocukları İçin Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Türkçe Formu (ÇDŞG-T) ve DSM-5’e dayalı psikiyatrik değerlendirme ile belirlenmiştir. Olguların ebeveynlerinden güçler güçlükler anketi (GGA) ve doğum ve yaşamın erken dönemi ile ilişkili faktörleri tarayan bir veri formu doldurmaları istenmiştir. Bulgular: Çocuk ve ergenlerin ortalama yaşı 9.6±3.0 yıl ve %67.7’sinin erkek olduğu saptanmıştır. Doğum sonrası değişkenlerden toplam anne sütü kullanım süresi dışa yönelim sorunları tanısı alan çocuklarda (12.3±8.4 ay) tanı almayanlara göre (15.7±9.0 ay) anlamlı şekilde düşük (Z=2.61 p=0.009) saptanmıştır. Altı aydan az toplam anne sütü kullanan çocuk oranı, içe yönelim sorunları (%23.0) ve dışa yönelim sorunları (%48.6) grubundaki çocuklarda tanı almayanlara (%10.2) göre anlamlı şekilde yüksek (sırasıyla χ2 =4.10 p=0.043; χ2 =5.53 p=0.019) saptanmıştır. Postpartum depresyon oranı gruplar arasında farklılaşmazken, postpartum anksiyete oranı dışa yönelim sorunları olan çocuklarda (%25.4) tanı almayan çocuklara (%12.3) göre anlamlı şekilde yüksek (χ2 =4.20 p=0.038) saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Literatür araştırmamıza göre mevcut çalışma, gebelik dönemi ve doğum sonrası erken dönem faktörleri ile okul çağı çocuklarda içe yönelim ve dışa yönelim sorunları ilişkisinin klinik görüşme ve ölçek kullanılarak değerlendirildiği ilk çalışmadır. Annenin doğum sonrası dönemde anksiyetesinin ve çocuğun kısa süre anne sütü kullanımının çocuğun yaşamında uzun süreli olumsuz etkileri olduğu çalışmamızda da literatürle uyumlu olarak gösterilmiştir.
Pre- and postnatal influences on psychopathology in a clinical sample of school age children
Objective: A possible relationship between high pregnancy stress and the child’s short duration of breastfeeding, and psychopathology have been reported in research. However, relationship of childhood psychopathology with various factors in pre and postnatal periods is under-researched in Turkish academic literature and the results are inconsistent. Besides, existing local studies have either focused on certain diagnostic groups or only used screening questionnaires in preschool age children. The aim of the present study was therefore, to examine the relationship of these factors with childhood internalizing-externalizing psychopathology in a clinical sample, where diagnoses were confirmed with semi-structured interviews and their dimensional examination was supported with a validated questionnaire. Methods: Subjects, aged between 6 and 18 years, who had been assessed at the Bezmialem Vakif University, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic between June and December 2016, were included to the study. A total of 100 children and adolescents diagnosed with an internalizing problem, 175 subjects with diagnosis of an externalizing problem and 59 children and adolescents with no diagnosis were examined. Diagnoses of the subjects were established with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia- Turkish Version (K-SADS-T) and psychiatric interview based on DSM-5 criteria for diagnoses not included in the K-SADS-T. Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) and a socio-demographic data tool about pre and postnatal factors were completed by the parents. Findings: Mean age of the sample was 9.6±3.0 years and 67.7% of the sample were male. Total duration of breastfeeding was significantly lower (Z=2.61 p=0.009) in subjects with an externalizing problem (12.3±8.4 months) than subjects with no diagnosis (15.7±9.0 months). Proportion of the subjects breastfed for less than 6 months were significantly higher in subjects with internalizing problems (23.0%) and externalizing problems (48.6%) than children with no diagnosis (10.2%) (?2 =4.10 p=0.043; ?2 =5.53 p=0.019, respectively). Frequency of postpartum depression did not differ between groups, however postpartum anxiety was significantly more common in subjects with an externalizing problems (25.4%) as compared to subjects with no diagnosis (12.3%) (?2 =4.20 p=0.038). Conclusion: According to our literature search, the present study is the first, where relationship between pre and postnatal factors and internalizing-externalizing dichotomy in school age children were assessed using a clinical interview and screening questionnaire. Maternal postpartum anxiety and short duration of breastfeeding was shown to be related with long term negative consequences in the present study, which is in line with the existing literature.

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