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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 28; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2017;28(1):51-60
Alkol Bağımlılığının Nörobiyolojisi ve Tedaviye Yansımaları
E Eşel, K Dinç
Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri
Alkol bağımlılığı süreci kontrollü içme davranışından kompulsif alkol kullanımına doğru gidiş ya da keyif amacıyla kullanmadan madde olmadan yapamaz bir duruma geçiş olarak tanımlanır. Alkol bağımlılığının etiyolojisinde kişiye bağlı kalıtsal ve fiziksel etkenlerin ve kişinin çevreyle etkileşiminin yanı sıra, alkolün beyindeki nörotransmitter ve nörohormon sistemlerinde oluşturduğu kalıcı etkilerin rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Etanolün nörotransmitter, nöropeptid ve nöroendokrin sistemleri üzerine etkileri, onun akut fizyolojik etkileri ve keyif verici/pekiştirici etkilerinden sorumlu olduğu gibi, aynı sistemlerde oluşturduğu kalıcı değişiklikler de bağımlılığın gelişmesindeki en önemli süreç gibi görünmektedir. Alkol kullanımının erken aşamalarındaki kullanım motivasyonu daha çok pozitif pekiştirici etkiler iken, bağımlı olduktan sonraki motivasyon hem pozitif hem de negatif pekiştirici etkiler olmaktadır. Bu davranış değişikliğine neden olan şeyin sürekli alkol kullanımına bağlı olarak beyinde gelişen ve allostazis genel başlığı altında incelenen nöroadaptif değişiklikler olduğu bilinmektedir. Rastgele alkol kullanımından bağımlılığa geçişte gelişen en önemli nöroadaptif değişikliklerin dopamin ve gama aminobütirik asit sistemlerinde aşağı-ayarlanma, glutamat sisteminde kalıcı bir işlev artışı ve beyin stres (kortikotropin salgılatıcı hormon ve serotonin) sistemlerinde düzensizlik olduğu görülmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında sürekli alkol kullanımının yol açtığı ve bağımlılığın gelişmesinde önemli olan beynin nörokimyasal sistemlerindeki bu uyumsal değişiklikler incelenecek ve bu değişikliklere yapılacak müdahalelerin bağımlılık tedavisine getirebileceği katkılara da değinilecektir.
Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence and Implications on Treatment
The process of alcohol dependence has been conceptualized as a progress from controlled alcohol intake to compulsive alcohol consumption or a shift from alcohol intake for pleasure to compulsory alcohol seeking behavior. Hereditary and physical factors and the interaction of individuals with their environment, as well as permanent changes in the neurotransmitter and neurohormonal systems in the brain due to alcohol use, play the most important role in the etiology of alcohol dependence. The effects of ethanol on the neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and neuroendocrine systems not only account for its acute physiological and euphoric/reinforcing effects but also seem to be responsible for the development of dependence. While the motivation for alcohol use is mainly positive reinforcement in the earlier phases of alcohol consumption, both positive and negative reinforcements are involved in the process once dependence has developed. This event is caused by neuroadaptive process due to chronic alcohol consumption and also called as “allostasis”. It seems that the most important neuroadaptive changes in progression from occasional alcohol intake to dependence are the down-regulation of the dopamine and gamma aminobutyric acid systems, permanent upregulation in the glutamate system and dysregulation in the stress systems (corticotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin) of the brain. In this paper, we will review the adaptive changes caused by chronic alcohol consumption which are important in the development of dependence and address the potential therapeutic contributions of interventions to these changes in alcohol dependence.

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