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Yıl:2013; Cilt: 23; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2013;23(4):315-319
Lityum düzeylerinde kış indirimi: Mevsimsel döngüselliğin önemi
B Bakım, E Karaahmet, K Altınbaş, T Oral
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Medical School, Canakkale
Lityum düzeylerinde kış indirimi: Mevsimsel döngüselliğin önemi Amaç: Lityum duygudurum bozukluklarının koruma tedavisinde etkili bir ilaç olarak tüm dünyada tanınmaktadır. Lityumun bipolar bozukluk profilaksisindeki etkinliği yetmişli yılların başından beri kanıtlanmıştır. Lityum bipolar bozuklukta akut duygudurum epizodları farmakoterapisi, döngülerin önlenmesi, önleyici tedavi ve intiharın önlenmesinde dayanak noktası olmuş ve olmaya devam etmektedir. Bazı ülkelerde lityum düzeylerinin mevsimsel değişiklikleri olduğu şeklinde yayınlar mevcuttur. Mevsimsel değişme ile ilişkili olarak lityum düzeyindeki değişiklikler klinik etkinliğin olmamasına ya da toksisiteye yol açabilir. Bipolar bozukluk hastalarında yaz ve kış mevsimleri arasında lityum düzeylerini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Bakırköy Psikiyatri Nöroloji ve Nöroşirurji Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Raşit Tahsin Duygudurum Kliniğince izlenen ötimik bipolar bozukluk hastaları çalışmaya alındı ve lityum düzeyleri kış ve yaz mevsimlerinin ikinci yarısında (15 Haziran - 1 Eylül ve 15 Ocak - 1 Mart arası) lityum düzeyleri ölçüldü. 32 Bipolar bozukluk hastası için plazma lityum düzeyi, yaş ve cinsiyeti kapsayan bir yıllık süreyi içeren ileriye dönük olgu gözlem dosyası hazırlandı. İzlem süresince herhangi bir sebeple lityum tedavi dozu değişen bipolar bozukluk hastaları çalışmadan çıkarıldı. Bipolar bozukluk tedavisi dışında lityum kullanan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Zeka geriliği, madde bağımlılığı, lityum tedavisinin kontrendike olduğu (kalp hastalığı, böbrek hastalığı, epilepsi, Parkinson hastalığı gibi) hastalıklar düşük plazma lityum düzeyine yol açıp, tedaviye uyum sorunu oluşturabilecekleri için çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Antihipertansif ilaçlar, nonsteroidal antienflamatuar ilaçlar, bazı antibiyotikler, topiramat ve diüretikler plazma lityum konsantrasyonunu arttırabilecekleri için ve teofilin lityum konsantrasyonunu azaltabileceği için, bunların kullanımı dışlama ölçütü olarak kabul edildi. Sodyum düzeyleri de lityum düzeyleri üzerine olası etkileri sebebiyle izlendi. Lityum kan düzeyleri eşleştirilmiş gurupların t testi ile karşılaştırılmış, lityum düzeyini etkileyebilecek parametreler için bağıntı analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 35.75±9.59, hastalığın başlangıç yaşı ortalaması 21.97±6.17, ortalama hastalık süresi 13.90±9.41 olarak tespit edildi. 32 hastanın 15’i erkek cinsiyetteydi. Hastalar tarafından kullanılan ortalama lityum dozu 1190.6±249.0 mg/gün olarak bulundu. Plazma lityum düzeyi ortalaması kış mevsiminde 0.75±0.12 mEq/L, yaz mevsiminde 0.83±0.12 mEq/L olarak tespit edildi (p=.003). Serum sodyum düzeyleri yaz aylarında 139.1±2.2 mEq/L ve kış aylarında 137.1±2.3 mEq/L olarak belirlendi (p=.001). Lityum ve sodyum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki yaz ve kış mevsimlerinde belirgin değildi (sırasıyla p=0.55, r=0.12 ve p=0.49, r=0.14). Sonuç: Bu çalışma yaz ve kış mevsimleri karşılaştırıldığında lityum düzeylerinde belirgin değişiklik olduğunu göstermektedir bu yüzden bipolar bozukluk hastalarında sık plazma düzeyi ölçümü ve lityum doz ayarlaması toksisite ve etkinlik azalması durumlarını önleyebilir. Lityum düzeyleri yaz mevsiminde dehidratasyon dolayısı ile göreceli olarak artabilir. Mevsimselliğin bipolar bozukluk ya da diğer bozukluklar üzerine özgünlüğünü ayırt etmek için ileriye dönük kontrollü çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.
Winter Sale on Lithium Levels: The Impact of Seasonality
Winter sale on lithium levels: the impact of seasonality Objective: Lithium is recognized worldwide as an effective prophylactic agent in mood disorders. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium in mood disorders has been established since the early seventies. Lithium has been and continues to be the mainstay of bipolar disorder (BD) pharmacotherapy for acute mood episodes, switch prevention, and suicide prevention. There are reports of seasonal variation in lithium levels from a few countries. Variability in the lithium level can lead to a lack of efficacy or to toxicity, making seasonal variation clinically relevant. We aimed to compare lithium levels of bipolar patients between summer and winter. Methods: Euthymic bipolar patients who were followed in the Rasit Tahsin Mood Clinic of the Bakirköy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery were recruited for the study, and lithium levels were measured in the second part of winter and summer (15th of June to 1st of September and 15th of January to 1st of March). A prospective case sheet audit was performed for 32 BD patients for recording plasma lithium level, age and gender for one year. Bipolar patients whose treatment dosage of lithium was changed for any reason during the study follow-up were excluded. Situations of lithium use other than for bipolar disorder were excluded. The presence of concomitant diagnoses of mental retardation or drug dependence constituted exclusion criteria, as did medication non-compliance detected by persistently low lithium plasma levels. The use of antihypertensive drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, theophylline, some antibiotics, topiramate, and diuretics that could cause an increase in plasma concentrations of lithium, and of theophylline that could reduce lithium concentrations constituted exclusion criteria. Sodium levels were also monitored due to their propable effect on lithium levels. Lithium levels were compared using the paired sample t-test. Correlation analysis was done for the parameters that could affect lithium levels. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35.75±9.59 years, the mean age of onset was 21.97±6.17 and the mean duration of disorder was 13.90±9.41 year. 15 out of 32 patients were male. The overall average dose of lithium taken by the patients was 1190.6±249.0 mg/day. The mean lithium plasma level was 0.75±0.12 mEq/L in winter, and the mean lithium plasma level was 0.83±0.12 mEq/L in summer (p=0.003). The overall serum sodium levels were 139.1±2.2 mEq/L in summer and 137.1±2.3 mEq/L in winter (p=0.001). The correlation between lithium and sodium levels was not significant in summer or in winter (respectively p=0.55, r=0.12 and p=0.49, r=0.14). Conclusions: The present study showed a significant variability of lithium levels when comparing summer and winter. Therefore, frequent plasma level monitoring and oral lithium dose adjustment to prevent situations of toxicity or lack of efficacy in bipolar disorder are suggested. Lithium levels may show a relative increase in summer due to dehydration. Prospective controlled studies are required to differentiate whether this seasonality is specific to bipolar disorders or not.

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