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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 16; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2015;16(4):238-246
Rehabilitasyon programının şizofreni hastalarının kliniği, sosyal işlevselliği ve yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki uzun dönem etkileri: İzleme çalışması
M Arslan, A Yazıcı, T Yılmaz, S Coşkun, E Kurt
Bakırköy Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul
Amaç: Şizofreni, ilerleyici karakterde, klinik, bilişsel, sosyal ve mesleksel bozulmaya yol açan ciddi bir beyin hastalığıdır. Yüz yıllık çalışmaları içeren bir meta-analizin sonuçları şizofreninin gidiş ve sonlanmasının hala kötü olduğunu göstermektedir. Farmakolojik ve psikososyal tedavilerin kombinasyonlarını içeren kanıta dayalı stratejilerle umut verici sonuçlar elde edilmekte ve şizofreninin sonlanmasıyla ilgili beklentiler yükselmektedir. Bu çalışmada, uygulanan çok boyutlu psikososyal girişim programının şizofreni hastaları üzerindeki etkilerinin programın bitiminde ve üçüncü yılda incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya, 18-65 yaşları arasında, şizofreni tanısı konmuş, daha önce çok boyutlu psikososyal girişim programına katılmamış 60 hasta alınmıştır. Tüm hastalara altı aylık programın başında, bitiminde ve başlangıçtan sonraki üçüncü yılda Bakırköy Kronik Ruhsal Hasta Rehabilitasyon Formu, Pozitif ve Negatif Sendrom Ölçeği, Morisky Uyum Ölçeği, Şizofreni Hastaları için Yaşam Niteliği Ölçeği, İçgörünün Üç Bileşenini Değerlendirme Ölçeği, Sosyal İşlevsellik Ölçeği, Yeti Yitimi Değerlendirme Çizelgesi uygulanmış; ölçümler birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Programın bitiminde ve üçüncü yıl ölçümlerinin ikisinde de programdan önce yapılan ölçümlere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde belirti şiddetinin azaldığı, ilaç uyumu ve içgörü düzeyinin arttığı, hastane yatış sıklığının azaldığı, sosyal işlevselliğin ve yaşam niteliğinin arttığı saptanmıştır. Tartışma: Program süresince kullanılan yapılandırılmış psikososyal girişimlerin hastaların içgörü düzeyini ve ilaç uyumunu artırdığı, bunun da belirti şiddeti ve hastaneye yatış sıklığında azalma ile sonuçlandığı görülmüştür. Literatürde sosyal ve mesleksel işlevsellikte azalmanın en önemli nedeni olarak gösterilen negatif belirtilerde düzelme sağlanması, sosyal işlevselliği ve yaşam niteliğini ölçen ölçek puanlarındaki artışın nedeni olabilir. Ayrıca programda bağımsız yaşama becerileri, kişilerarası ilişkiler, günlük yaşam etkinlikleri, sosyal ilişki ve davranışlar gibi alanlara yönelik tekniklerin yoğun olarak kullanılmasının bu sonuca katkı sağladığı düşünülmektedir. Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçları uygulanan programın etkili olduğunu ve bunun üçüncü yılda da devam ettiğini göstermiş olması ve ülkemizde henüz kurulmakta olan toplum temelli psikiyatri sistemine geçiş sürecinde açılan toplum ruh sağlığı merkezlerine model olması açısından önemlidir.
Long-term effects of a rehabilitation program on the clinical outcomes, social functionality, and life quality of schizophrenic patients-a follow-up study
Objective: Schizophrenia is a severe brain disease which leads to progressive clinical, cognitive, social, and vocational deterioration. The results of a meta-analysis of studies from more than 100 years showed that the progress and outcomes of schizophrenia remain poor. However, evidence-based strategies combining pharmacological and psychosocial treatments have obtained promising results and increased expectations regarding the outcome of schizophrenia. This study examined the effects of a multimodal, psychosocial intervention program for schizophrenic patients at the end of the program and three years later. Methods: The study involved 60 patients between 18 and 65 years old who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia but had not participated in a multimodal, psychosocial intervention program. At the beginning of, end of, and three years after the six-month program, all patients were assessed with the Bakirköy Rehabilitation Form for Patient with Chronic Mental Illness, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Morisky’s Questions-Self-Report Measure of Adherence, Quality of Life Scale, Insight into the Three Components of the Evaluation Scale, Social Functioning Scale, and Disability Assessment Schedule. The three sets of measurements were compared to each other. Findings: In the end-of-program and third-year measurements, the severity of the symptoms had statistically and significantly decreased compared to measurements made before the program. As well, the frequency of hospitalizations decreased, while adherence to treatment, insight level, social functionality, and quality of life increased. Discussion: The structured psychosocial interventions used throughout the program were found to increase patients’ insight level and adherence to treatment, which resulted in decreased severity of symptoms and frequency of hospitalizations. Recovery from negative symptoms, which the literature shows to be the most important causes of decreased social and professional functionality, could explain the increase in the scale scores measuring social functionality and quality of life. Likely also contributing to this result was the intense use of techniques in such areas as independent living skills, interpersonal relations, daily life activities, and social affairs and behaviors. Results: The results of this study are important. They show that the applied program is effective and that its positive effects lasted three years after it ended. This program can serve as a model for the community mental health centers opening during the transition to and establishment of a community-based psychiatric system in Turkey.

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