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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 50; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2012;50(2):67-75
Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Zekâ Geriliği Tanısı Konulan Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Psikiyatrik ve Organik Eş Tanılar
E Aktepe, Y Sönmez
Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Tıp Fak., Isparta
Amaç: Bu çalışmada 2 yıllık dönemde Çocuk-Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalında zekâ geriliği tanısı konan çocuk ve ergenlerdeki psikiyatrik ve organik eş tanıların, gebelik ve doğum komplikasyonlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: 1.1.2008-1.1.2010 tarihleri arasında Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Çocuk-Ergen Psikiyatrisi Polikliniği'nde zekâ geriliği tanısı alan çocuk ve ergenler araştırma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Değerlendirme aracı olarak yazar tarafından oluşturulan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırma grubunu oluşturan 209 çocuğun yaş ortalaması 7.4±4.1'dir. Erkekler araştırma grubunun %60.3'ünü, kızlar %39.7'sini oluşturmaktadır. Zekâ geriliği tanılı çocuk ve ergenlerin %50.2'sinde organik eş tanı, %34'ünde psikiyatrik eş tanı saptanmıştır. En sık görülen organik eş tanılar epilepsi (%28.2), serebral palsidir (%14.4). En sık tesbit edilen psikiyatrik eş tanılar dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (%17.2) ve yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklardır (%9.6). Vak'ala-rın çoğunluğunda hafif düzeyde zekâ geriliği tesbit edilmiştir (%53.1). Orta ve ağır zekâ geriliği olan grupta hafif düzeyde zekâ geriliği olan gruba göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha az psikiyatrik eş tanı bulunmuştur. Vak'aların annelerinin %12.9'unun okur yazar olmadığı, %66'sının da ilkokul mezunu olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Vak'aların doğum öykülerine bakıldığında düşük doğum ağırlığı %34, hipoksi/anoksi öyküsü %31.6, prematurite %18.2 oranlarında saptanmıştır. Vak'aların %20.6'sın da ebeveynler arasında akrabalık öyküsü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tart>şma ve Sonuç: 7 yaş ve üstü vak'aların 1/5'inin eğitim almadığı belirlenmiş olup zekâ geriliğinde olumlu prognoz açısından vak'aların erken yaşta tesbit edilmesi ve eğitime yönlendirilmeleri gerekmektedir. Çalışmamızda yüksek oranlarda psikiyatrik ve organik eş tanı saptanmıştır. Psikiyatrik ve organik eş tanı varlığı tedaviyi güçleştirdiği ve hastalığın seyrini olumsuz etkilediği için erken tanı ve tedavide oldukça önemlidir. Orta ve ağır zekâ geriliği olan grupta anlamlı düzeyde daha az psikiyatrik eş tanının saptanması zekâ geriliğinin düzeyi arttıkça tanı koyma sürecinin zorlaşmasına bağlı olabilir. Bu nedenle orta/ağır zekâ geriliklerinde kullanabileceğimiz yeterli duyarlılığa sâhip araç ve yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Psychiatric and Organic Comorbidities in Children Diagnosed with Mental Retardation in a University Hospital
Objective: The present study aims to examine psychiatric and organic comorbidities, the pregnancy and birth complications in children diagnosed with mental retardation in the Department of Child-Adolescent Mental Health and Disorders within the scope of a two- [year] period. Method: Children and adolescents diagnosed with mental retardation by Süleyman Demirel University Child-Adolescent Psychiatry Polyclinic between 1/1/2008 and 1/1/2010 comprise the research group. A semi-configured interview form prepared by the present author is utilized as an evaluation instrument.

Findings: The average age of the 209 children who comprise the research group is 7.4±4.1. Males and females comprise the 60.3%, and 39.7% of the research group respectively. Presence of organic comorbidity in the 50.2% and of psychiatric comorbidity in the 34% of the children and adolescents diagnosed with mental retardation has been detected. The most common organic comorbidities are epilepsy (28.2%), cerebral palsy (14.4%). The most common psychiatric comorbidities are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (17.2%) and frequently observed pervasive developmental disorders (9.6%). Most of the subjects have been observed to have mild level retardation (53.1%). The group diagnosed with moderate and serious mental retardation is observed to have low psychiatric comorbidity in a statistically significant level in comparison to the group with mild mental retardation. The 12.9% of the subjects are found to have illiterate mothers and 66% of the cases are found to be primary school graduates. As for the birth stories of the subjects, low birth weight rate is 34%, hypoxia/anoxia story rate is 31.6% and prematurity rate is 18.2%. In addition, 20.6% of the subjects are found to be children of parents who have kinship stories. Discussion and Conclusion: It is found out that 1/5 of the subjects who are 7 or older have received no education. For positive prognosis in mental retardation, the subjects should be detected in early ages and be directed to education. In the study presented hereby, high rates of psychiatric and organic comorbidities have been identified. The presence of psychiatric and organic comorbidity makes it hard to treat the subject and affects the course of the disorder in a negative way. Therefore, it is of profound importance in early diagnosis and treatment. The fact that the group diagnosed with moderate and serious mental retardation is observed to have low psychiatric comorbidity in a statistically significant level in comparison to the group with mild mental retardation may be due to the fact that the diagnosis process becomes harder as the level of mental retardation increases. Thus, instruments and methods with sufficient sensitivity should be developed for our utilization in moderate/serious mental retardation cases..

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