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Yıl:2011; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2011;1(4):251-265
Antipsikotik İlaçların Kardiyovasküler Yan Etkileri
AEA Yağcıoğlu, A Ertuğrul
Hacettepe Üniv. Tıp Fak., Ankara
Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar gerek tipik, gerek atipik antipsikotiklerin kullanımının kilo alımı, glukoz ve lipid metabolizması bozuklukları
ve paralel olarak metabolik sendrom ve kardiyovasküler riskte artışla ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmalar özellikle atipik
antipsikotiklerin metabolik risk etmenleri, metabolik sendrom ve koroner arter hastalığı gelişme riski üzerindeki etkilerinin anlamlı
düzeyde farklılık gösterdiğine işaret etmektedir. Antipsikotik kullanımına bağlı metabolik yan etkileri kontrol etme amacıyla ilişkili değişkenlerin
düzenli izlemi ve kardiyovasküler riskin standart bir biçimde ele alınmasına yönelik güncel önerilerin uygulanması önemlidir. Antipsikotik
ilaçların diğer sık görülen bir kardiyak yan etkisi olan ortostatik hipotansiyon, çoğunlukla geçici ve tolerans gelişebilen bir otonomik
bozukluk olmakla birlikte, senkop, bilişsel bozukluk, kalp ve böbrek yetmezliğine gidişe de neden olabilmektedir. Antipsikotikler
sinüs taşikardisine de yol açabilmekte ve bu yan etki özellikle zeminde kardiyovasküler hastalığı olan bireylerde önemli bir sorun oluşturabilmektedir.
Antipsikotiklere bağlı ani kardiyak ölümler ise bu ilaçların aritmi riskini artırıcı etkileriyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Antipsikotik
kullanan hastalarda QTc aralığında %25'e yaklaşan oranlarda uzama bildirilmiştir. Farklı tipik ve atipik antipsikotiklerin QTc aralığı üzerindeki
etkileri değişkenlik göstermektedir. Antipsikotiklere bağlı aritmileri önlemede QTc aralığını uzatan yaş, cinsiyet, elektrolit dengesizliği,
karaciğer ve kardiyak hastalıklar, QTc aralığı uzatabilecek ek ilaç kullanımı gibi risk etmenleri araştırılmalı ve bilinmelidir. Myokardit,
kardiyomyopati ve perikardit antipsikotiklerin diğer nadir görülen ancak ölümcül olabilecek kardiyak yan etkilerindendir. Klozapin
bu kardiyotoksik etkilerin en sık bildirildiği antipsikotiktir. Bu makalede gözden geçirilen kardiyak yan etkiler gerektiği takdirde antipsikotik
tedavinin kesilmesi, bu açıdan daha az risk taşıyan bir antipsikotik ile değiştirilmesi ve/veya diğer olası yardımcı girişimlerin uygulanması
ile ele alınmaktadır.
Cardiovascular side effects of antipsychotics

Recent studies have shown that both typical and atypical antipsychotic use can induce weight gain, abnormalities in glucose and lipid
metabolism and lead to a paralel increase in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Evidence suggests that especially atypical antipsychotics
vary significantly in their propensity to increase metabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. To
control the metabolic side effects of antipsychotics, implications of systemic follow-up of related metabolic parameters and standardized
cardiovascular risk management procedures are important. Another common cardiac side effect of antipsychotic drugs is orthostatic hypotension.
Although orthostatic hypotension is a frequently transient otonomic disorder to which tolerance commonly develops, it can
also lead to serious adverse outcomes including syncope, cognitive disorders, heart and kidney failure. Antipsychotics can also cause sinus
tachycardia which might lead to serious problems especially in patients who have underlying cardiovascular disease. Sudden cardiac death
induced by antipsychotics is a complication related to their arithmogenic effect. Upto 25% of patients using antipsychotics display QTc
interval prolongation. Different typical and atypical antipsychotics vary in their potential to prolong the QTc interval. Risk factors including
age, gender, electrolyte imbalance, liver and cardiac dysfunction and concominant use of QTc prolonging drugs need to be investigated
and acknowledged for the prevention antipsychotic induced arrhythmia. Myocarditis, cardiomyopathy and pericarditis are other rare but
potentially fatal cardiac side effects of antipsychotics. Clozapine is the most frequently reported causal agent regarding these particular
cardiotoxic events. The cardiac side effects reviewed in this article are managed by cessation of the causal antipsychotic, switching to another
antipsychotic carrying a lower risk for the particular side effect and/or implementation of other supportive measures when necessary.

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