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Yıl:2011; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Özel Dergisi; 2011;4(3):13-18
Stresin Nörobiyolojisi
ÖF Demirel, A Demirel, A Duran
İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri AD, İstanbul
Yaşam boyu maruz kalınan strese karşı duyarlılık değişkenlik gösterebilir. Bu durum strese yanıt düzeyi, geçmiş tecrübeler ve genetik etkenler gibi faktörlerle ilişkilidir. Stresin algılanmasında ve değerlendirilmesinde hem psikolojik hem de biyolojik mekanizmalar etkilidir. Amigdala, prefrontal korteks (PFC) ve hipokampus direkt veya indirekt olarak etkileşerek stres yanıtını düzenlerler. PFC, amigdala korku şebekesinin inhibisyonunda ve kayıtlı emosyonel hafızanın açığa çıkarılmasında görevli iken; amigdala işleyen bellek aracılığıyla yaşanan durumun vehametini geçmiş deneyimler üzerinden değerlendirir ve ayrı uyandırma bölgelerini devreye sokarak tehdit edici uyarana karşı odaklanmayı sağlar. Stres yanıtında işlev gören sempatik-adreno-medüller-sistem (SAM) ve hipotalamo-pitüiter-axis (HPA) amigdala, hipokampus ve orbital/medial PFC tarafından yönetilirler. Akut ve/veya tekrarlayan stres PFC, amigdala ve hipokampuste fonksiyonel ve yapısal değişiklikler oluşturabilir. Kronik stresin korku şebekesi üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri stresin emosyon olarak algılanmasını aşıp psikiyatrik bozukluklar olarak tezahür edebilir. Bu nedenle yeni nörobiyolojik çalışmalar sadece stresin mekanizmasını daha iyi kavramamızı sağlamayabilir, yeni tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine de katkısı olabilir.
The Neurobiology of Stress
Susceptibility to stresfull events may be related to stress treshold, past experiences and genetic factors. Both psychological fragment and biological mechanisms influence the perception and evaluation of stress. Amygdala, PFC and hippocampus, while organizing stress response, perform mutual interactions. Prefrontal cortex is associated with inhibition of amygdala fear system and reevaluation of registered emotional memory; in turn leading amygdala to evaluate the events severity by past experiences and via its excitation of various areas provides a spesific focus on threatfull event. SAM and HPA those also having role in stress response, are mediated by amygdala, hippocampus and orbital/medial PFC. Acute and/or remitting stress may produce functional and structural alterations in PFC, amygdala and hippocampus. Unfavorable effects of chronic stress on fear system may cause psychiatric disorders rather than its perception as an emotion. Therefore, new neurobiological studies not only can help us to understand mechanism of stress, but also new treatment modalities might be developed.

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