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Yıl:2011; Cilt: 14; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2011;14(1):51-58
Bilimsel Devrimler ve Yeni Kraepelincilik
S Sorias
İzmir
Thomas Kuhn’un bilimsel devrimler kuramı, bilim tarihindeki bütün gelişmelere uymasa da değişik bilim dallarında pek çok örneği olduğu için genellikle kabul görür. Bu yazının amacı psikiyatride tanısal yaklaşımın 20. yüzyıldaki gelişimini inceleyerek Kuhn’un tanımladığı sürece ne denli uyduğunu incelemektir. Altmışlı yılların sonuna kadar, psikanaliz Amerikan psikiyatrisinde egemen paradigma idi. Tanı çok önemli görülen bir konu değildi. Her insanın biricik olduğu, önemli olanın hastanın iç dünyasını anlamak olduğu görüşü oldukça yaygındı. Bu tutum bilimsel bir tanı yaklaşımının gelişmesini engellemişti. Güvenirlik çok düşüktü. Bu yüzden belli bir hastalığa ilişkin etiyolojik, biyolojik ya da tedavi araştırmaları çok farklı sonuçlar verebiliyordu. Duyarlık, özgülük ve tanısal geçerlik kavramları yoktu. Latent şizofreni tanıları çok yaygındı. Psikiyatrik tanı sistemine içeriden ve dışarıdan yaygın eleştiriler geliyordu. Yeni paradigmanın öncülüğünü Eli Robins, Samuel Guze ve Washington Universitesindeki çalışma arkadaşları yaptı. Bu çalışmacılar önce tanısal geçerlik kavramı ile bir tanı kategorisinin geçerliğini tahmin edecek birkaç yöntem ortaya attılar. Sonra da ilk tanı ölçütlerini yayınladılar. Bu, 1980’de DSM-III’ün yayınlanması ile doruğa ulaşan önemli bir değişiklik süreci başlattı. DSM-III, tanı yöntemleri üzerinde bir ortaklaşma sağlayarak düşük güvenirlik sorununu çözdü ve eski eleştirilerin çoğunu susturdu.
Scientific Revolutions and the Neo-Kraepelinian Movement
Although Thomas Kuhn's theory about scientific revolutions
doesn't fit all developments in history of science, it
is highly regarded because of many good examples from
different scientific disciplines. The aim of this article is to
examine the evolution of psychiatric diagnosis in the
twentieth century and see to what degree it fits Kuhn's
description of a scientific revolution. Until the end of the
sixties, psychoanalysis was the dominant paradigm and
diagnosis wasn't considered an important topic in
American psychiatry. Since psychiatrists prefered to
focus on the underlying psychodynamical conflicts and
considered each patient unique, a common diagnostic
label seemed useless. This attitude had prevented the
development of a scientific approach to diagnosis.
Reliability was low. Different studies about some property
of a diagnostic category almost always yielded different
results. There was no concept of the specificity or
sensitivity of a symptom. The diagnosis of latent schizophrenia
was very common. The psychiatric diagnostic
system was attracting major critisims both form inside
and outside the field. The pioneers of the new paradigm
were Eli Robins, Samuel Guze and their collaborators
from Washington University. These scientists first,
defined the concept of diagnostic validity together with
some means to estimate it, then they published the first
diagnostic criteria. This started a huge change and led to
the publishing of DSM-III in 1980. The adoption of the
new diagnostic manual has been a major achievement
for psychiatry. DSM-III indicated a consensus over diagnostic
procedures and eliminated the reliabity problem
and most of the old critisims.

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