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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 47; Sayı: Özel>> Özet
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Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2010;47(Özel):19-26
Ekstremite ve Gövde Distonileri; Botulinum Toksini Uygulamaları
NU Adatepe
İstanbul Üniv. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi
Ekstremite distonisi (ED) izole fokal bir semptom veya jeneralize distoninin bir parçası olabilir, maluliyet yaratıcı bir durumdur. İdiopatik veya özellikle kontrlateral bazal ganglionları etkileyen durumlarda diğer bir hastalığa sekonder olabilir. Yaygın veya ciddi ED genellikle oral ilaçlar ile tedavi edilir. Stereotaksik cerrahi düşünülebilir. İdiopatik ED veya fokal ekstremite semptomları ise botulinum toksini (BoNT) enjeksiyonuna iyi yanıt verir. BoNT tip A enjeksiyonları ED’li hastaların %80’inin üzerinde ağrı ve spazmları azaltır. Günlük yaşam aktivitesinde ve motor performansta %50-66 oranında fonksiyonel düzelme sağlar. Jeneralize distonili hastaların %80’inin üzerinde malul edici postürde azalma, deri laserasyonlarında ve ağrıda azalma gözlenir. Post operatif dönemde spazmları önlediğinden iyileşmenin hızlanması amacı ile kısa süreli olarak da kullanılabilir. Gövde distonileri sıklıkla segmental veya jeneralize distonilerde görülür, izole formları nadirdir. Nöroleptiğe bağlı aksiyal etkilenme sık görülür. Sıklıkla ciddi ağrı ve özürlülük ile birliktedir ve nadiren farmakolojik tedaviye yanıt verir. Diğer fokal distonilerde olduğu gibi gövde distonilerinde de tercih edilen tedavi BoNT’tur. Dikkatli hedef kas seçimi ve uygun dozlar uygulandığında genellikle klinik tabloda belirgin düzelme sağlar. BoNT tedavisi başarısız olursa ilk alternatif, ilaç tedavisidir, ilave olarak fizyoterapi hastanın semptomlarını azaltmaya yardımcı olur, sürekli intratekal baklofen uygulaması bu hastalarda faydalıdır, epidural spinal elektrostimülasyonun etkisi belirsizdir, cerrahi son çare olarak düşünülmelidir.
Extremity and Truncal Dystonias: Botulinum Toxin Applications
Extremity dystonia (ED) is a disabling condition that may represent an isolated focal symptom or may be part of generalized dystonia. It may develop secondary to any process affecting the contralateral basal ganglia or may be idiopathic. Diffuse or severe dystonia generally improves by administration of various medications and only in rare cases, stereotaxic surgery may be needed. Idiopathic forms or focal symptoms frequently respond to botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections. BoNT type A injection decreases pain and spasms in more than 80% of cases and results in 50-66% functional improvement in daily living activities and motor performance. Furthermore, BoNT injection also provides improvement in some symptoms of generalized dystonia and relieves disabling posture, skin lacerations and pain in more than 80% of patients. BoNT may also be used to accelerate recovery in the postoperative period for a short time since it prevents the spasms.Truncal dystonia frequently accompanies segmental or generalized dystonia and it rarely presents as an isolated form. Axial involvement is mostly seen in neuroleptic use. This form of truncal dystonia is often severely painful and disabling and rarely responds to oral medications. BoNT is the treatment of choice in truncal dystonia, similar to the other focal dystonias. Clinical status improves dramatically by targeting proper muscles and using appropriate doses. In case of failure of BoNT treatment, the first alternative should be oral medications and, physiotherapy may additionally decrease the symptoms. Continuous intrathecal baclofen pump is known to be beneficial, while the effect of epidural spinal electrostimulation is still unclear and surgery should be the last option.

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