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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 47; Sayı: Özel>> Özet
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Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2010;47(Özel):6-10
Blefarospazm ve Hemifasiyal Spazmda Botulinum Toksini Tedavisi
R Çakmur
Dokuz Eylül Üniv. Tıp Fak.
Blefarospazm ve hemifasiyal spazm fasial kasları etkileyen hareket bozuklukları arasında en sık görülenlerdir. Patofizyolojileri farklı olmakla birlikte, her iki klinik tablo da orbicularis oculi kasının kontraksiyonuna ve göz kapağının istemsiz kapanmasına neden olur. Her iki hastalığın tedavisinde de sık olarak botulinum toksini kullanılır. Literatürde az sayıda çift-kör, plasebo kontrollü çalışma bulunmasına rağmen, botulinum toksin injeksiyonları bu hastalıklar için güvenli ve etkin bir tedavi modalitesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Botulinum toksin tedavisinin komplikasyonlarını pitoz, görme bulanıklığı, diplopi, fasial güçsüzlük ve diğer minör yan etkiler oluşturur ve bunlar genellikle günler haftalar içinde düzelir. Varolan kanıtların büyük kısmı her iki hastalıkta da botulinum toksin injeksiyonlarının ilk tedavi seçeneği olarak kullanımını desteklemektedir. Bu derlemede blefarospazm ve hemifasiyal spazmda botulinum toksin tip A tedavisinin gözden geçirilmesi ve güncellenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm
Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are the two most common movement disorders that affect the facial muscles. Despite having different pathophysiological mechanisms, both disorders produce involuntary eyelid closure due to contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm most often involves the use of botulinum toxin. Although only a few double-blind, placebo-controlled studies exist, botulinum toxin injections have been accepted as a safe and efficacious treatment modality for these disorders. Complications include ptosis, blurred vision, diplopia, facial weakness and other minor side effects that usually improve in days to weeks. A large body of evidence supports the use of botulinum toxin as a first-line treatment for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. This review aims to present an update on the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin type A.

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