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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 47; Sayı: Özel >> Özet
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Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2010;47(Özel ):1-5
Botulinum Toksini: Tarihçe, Etki Mekanizması, Uygulama, Terapötik Kullanım
FK Savrun
İstanbul Üniversitesi, Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi
Botulinum toksini (BoNT, BTX), Clostridium Botulinum denilen sporlu, anaerob, hareketli gram pozitif özellikte çubuk şeklinde bir bakteri tarafından üretilir. Bilinen en güçlü nörotoksin olan BoNT doğal yaşamda etken olarak karşımıza en sık kontamine gıda intoksikasyonu, bakterinin infant gastrointestinal sistemine veya yara enfeksiyonuna yerleşip çoğalması şeklinde çıkabilir. BoNT, antijenik ve serolojik olarak farklı fakat yapısal olarak benzer yedi nörotoksin tipine ayrılmaktadır: A, B, C (C1 ve C2), D, E, F ve G, BoNT’nin hikayesi 1817 yılında Alman hekim ve şair Justinus Kerner’in, iskelet kaslarında paralizi ve parasempatik fonksiyon kaybına yol açan gıda intoksikasyonu fark edip etkeninin St Vitus dansı, hipersalivasyon ve hiperhidrozis gibi bozuklukların tedavisinde kullanılabileceğini ileri sürmesiyle başlamıştır. 1973’te Oftalmolog Dr Alan B Scott strabismusu düzeltmek için göz kaslarına BoNT enjekte edilen maymunlarda başarılı sonuçlar elde etmiştir. Dr Scott’un bu yayınından sonra BoNT’nin terapötik alanda kullanımı başlamıştır. BoNT’in etkisini nöromusküler bileşke (NMB) üzerinden gösterir BoNT, nöromusküler bileşkede motor noron iletisini inhibe ederek çizgili kasların kasılmasını, düz kasların gama norönlarını etkileyerek ise refleks hiperaktiviteyi engelleyebilir. Toksin ayrıca parasempatik postganglionik kolinerjik liflerden de asetilkolin salınımını inhibe eder. Bu etki mekanizmaları BoNT’nin çeşitli endikasyonlarda tedavi amacıyla kullanımını sağlar.
Botulinum Toxin: History, Mechanism of Action, Therapeutic Applications
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. The clinical syndrome of botulism can occur following ingestion of contaminated food, from colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract, or from a wound infection. BoNT is broken into 7 neurotoxins (labeled as types A, B, C [C1, C2], D, E, F, and G), which are antigenically and serologically distinct but structurally similar. The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner first developed the idea of a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin, which he called "sausage poison". In 1973, Dr. Alan B. Scott used BoNT-A in monkey experiments; in 1980, he used BoNT-A for the first time in humans to treat strabismus. Botulinum toxin acts by binding presynaptically to high-affinity recognition sites on the cholinergic nerve terminals and the postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves in the sweat glands and decreasing the release of acetylcholine. This mechanism laid the foundation for the development of the toxin as a therapeutic tool.

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