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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Özel Dergisi; 2010;3(2):45-53
Şizofreni Tedavisinde Gelinen Nokta: Tipik Ve Yeni Antipsikotikler Ne Kadar Başarılılar?
M Çetin
GATA Haydarpaşa Eğt. Hastanesi
Şizofreni, insanlık tarihi kadar eski bir hastalık olmasına rağmen, farmakolojik tedavisindeki gelişmelerin başlangıcı 1952 yılında klorpromazinin keşfine dayanır. İlk antipsikotikler katalepsi yapıcı yan etkilerinden dolayı, nöroleptik olarak adlandırıldılar. 1960 yılında sentezlenen klozapin ise katalepsi yapmadığı için atipik antipsikotik olarak adlandırıldı. 1990'larda klozapin gibi katalepsi yapmayan 'a tipik? antipsikotiklerin yanısıra risperidon, olanzapin, ketiapin, ziprasidon, aripiprazol, paliperidon ve amisulprid gibi yeni kuşak antipsikotikler kullanılmaya başlandı. Klorpromazin ve haloperidol benzeri katalepsi yapan antipsikotik ilaçlar tipik antipsikotikler (TAP), yeni antipsikotik ilaçlar ise yeni antipsikotikler (YAP) olarak adlandırıldı.TAP'ler daha çok şizofreninin pozitif belirtileri üzerine olumlu etkiler yaparken; ekstrapiramidal yan etkiler, geç distoni, geç diskinezi gibi yan etkilere de sahiptirler. YAP'ler ise ekstrapiramidal yan etkiler, geç distoni, geç diskinezi gibi yan etkilere sahip olmadıkları halde, metabolik yan etkileri ve maliyetleri nedeniyle son yıllarda sorgulanmaya başlanmışlardır. Bununla ilgili en önemli çalışmalar arasında CATIE ve CUtLASS1 çalışmaları ile meta-analizler sayılabilir. Bu çalışmalarda da şizofreninin etyolojileri çok farklı olduğu sanılan semptomlar kümesinin oluşturduğu bir sendrom olduğu ortaya yeniden belirlenmiş ve tedavisinde de tek bir antipsikotikten söz etmenin mümkün olmayıp, bireysel düzeyde tedavi planlarının gerekli olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Şizofreni tedavisinde başarı şansını artıracak başarılı bir bireyselleştirilmiş tedavi için, çok sayıda antipsikotik seçeneklerini içerecek yeterli psikofarmakoloji bilgisini klinik deneyimle ustalıkla birleştirmek gereklidir.
Current Treatment Of Schizophrenia: How Successful Are Typical And New Antipsychotics?
Schizophrenia, although is an illness as old as human history, pharmacological treatment of it has been possible only after the discovery of chlorpromazine in 1952. First antipsychotics were called neuroleptics because of their side effects of catalepsy. Clozapine when synthesized in 1960 was referred as atypical antipsychotics since it did not cause catalepsy. After the 1990s, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, paliperidon, and amisulprid were introduced as ?atypical antipsychotics?. Typical antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol were named as the first generation antipsychotics (FGAs) due to their catalepsy side effect and the novel antipsychotics were named as the second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). FGAs make a positive impact on treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while exhibiting side effects such as extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia. The SGAS have no extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dystonia, or tardive dyskinesia, however, they have been questioned because of their potential metabolic side effects and costs. The most important studies regarding this issue are CATIE and CUtLASS1 and recent meta-analyses. These studies showed that schizophrenia was a heterogenous illness comprised of a different set of symptoms thought to involve different etiologies, therefore, it is not possible to successfully treat patients with a single antipsychotics. Individually tailored treatment skillfully combined with an updated knowledge of psychophramacology along with the clinical experience will increase the chance of successful treatment in managing patients with schizophrenia.

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