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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 46; Sayı: Özel>> Özet
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Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2009;46(Özel):25-29
Toplum Temelli Ruh Sağlığı Modeli ve Türkiye’de Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Merkezleri Projesi
G Alataş, A Karaoğlan, M Arslan, M Yanık
Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi
Geçmişte ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin verilmesinde birçok sorun yaşanmıştır. Günümüzde ruh sağlığı alanındaki hizmet modellerini hastane temelli ve toplum temelli modeller olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Gelişmiş ülkelerin hemen tamamı 1960’lardan başlayarak hastaların içinde yaşadıkları toplumdan kopmamaları için ideal olan toplum temelli sistemi uygulamaya başlamıştır. Ülkemizde ruh sağlığı hizmetleri şu an mevcut sekiz Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hastanesi ve Genel hastaneler içinde hizmet veren psikiyatri klinik ve poliklinikleri ile hastane temelli olarak verilmektedir. Var olan bu sistemde hastalara sunulan hizmeti poliklinik hizmeti ve akut atak sırasında yataklı klinik hizmeti şeklinde özetlemek mümkündür. Hastaneden ayrılan hastaların sonraki tedavi süreçleri bazen sadece kendi inisiyatiflerinde bazen de ailelerinin sorumluluğunda olmaktadır. Toplum içinde tedavi ve rehabilitasyon hizmetleri ise çok az sayıda hastaya ulaşabilen, genellikle proje düzeyinde bazı kamu veya üniversite hastanelerinde yürütülmeye çalışılan çalışmalardır. Halihazırda bu konuda yaygın sistematik bir çalışma yürütülmemektedir. Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından, Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün öncülüğündeki uluslar arası gelişmeler ve 2006’da yayınlanan Ulusal Ruh Sağlığı Politikası önerileri doğrultusunda ülkemizde toplum temelli ruh sağlığı hizmetleri modeli geliştirme çalışmalarına 2009 yılı içerisinde başlanmış ve sistemin, açılacak toplum ruh sağlığı merkezleri aracılığı ile yaygınlaştırılması planlanmıştır. Bu yazı kapsamında toplum temelli ruh sağlığı hizmet modeli ihtiyacı farklı boyutları ile tartışılmış ve açılması planlanan merkezler hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiştir. Bütüncül bir ruh sağlığı hizmeti üretmek açısından, psikoeğitim ve rehabilitasyon hizmeti verme gibi işlevleri de üstlenecek toplum temelli ruh sağlığı merkezlerine ek olarak yarıyol evleri, korumalı evler ve korumalı işyerleri gibi kurumların oluşturulması ve yaygınlaştırılmasının gerekliliği de göz ardı edilmemelidir.
Community-Based Psychiatry Model and Project of Community Mental Health Centers in Turkey
A lot of difficulties in providing mental health services had been faced in the past. Contemporary mental health models may be classified as community-based and institution-based. In the 1960s, most of the developed countries began to establish community-based mental health services, which are ideal for the patients’ integration in the society. In our country, mental health services are given by eight mental health hospitals and psychiatry clinics in general hospitals and unfortunately, are still institution-based. This system may be summarized as inpatient care in the hospital during acute episodes and as outpatient services. The treatment process outside the hospital generally depends on the patient’s initiative or on the responsibility of patient’s family. Community-based treatment and rehabilitation options conducted by universities or state hospitals are very rare and only for limited number of patients. There is no systematic work at the moment. In 2009, the Ministry of Health began planning a community-based mental health system for the country in accordance with the National Mental Health Policy published in 2006 and ministerial conferences of the World Health Organization. In the context of this paper, the authors discussed the requirement of establishing community-mental health services within different extents and described the general characteristics of the planned community-mental health centers. In order to get a comprehensive mental health service, it is necessary to take into consideration not only the community-based units providing psychoeducation and rehabilitation, but also the half-way houses, sheltered homes and sheltered workplaces, which should be established.

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