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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 21; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2010;21(1):49-59
HAD ve GSA-12'nin Meme Kanseri Hastalarında Psikiyatrik Hastalanmayı Belirlemedeki Gücü
MRK Boothby, J Hill, C Holcombe, L Clark, J Fisher, P Salmon
İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi
Amaç: Doktor ve hemşirelerin, meme kanseri hastalarına hastalığın getirdiği güçlüklerle başa çıkabilmelerinde yardım edebilmeleri için, bu hastalardaki psikolojik problemlerin ileriye yönelik (proaktif) olarak belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Duygusal problemlerin ileriye yönelik olarak belirlenmesi için olası bir yol taramadır. Kaynakların sınırlılığı nedeniyle çok sayıda hasta ile görüşme yapmak güç olduğundan, tarama sırasında psikiyatrik görüşmeler yerine kendini bildirim ölçeklerinden yararlanmak faydalı olabilir. Bu tür iki ölçek: Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon (HAD) ölçeği ve Genel Sağlık Anketi-12'dir (GSA-12).

Yöntem: Bu çalışma, DSM majör depresyon ve yaygın bunaltı bozukluğu olan hastaların belirlenmesinde, GSA-12 ve HAD Bütün Ölçek ve alt ölçeklerini Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia/SADS) ile karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemi, 1 yıl öncesinde meme kanseri ameliyatı geçirmiş olan 296 kişiden oluşmuştur.

Bulgular: SADS puanlarına göre az sayıda hastaya (%11) DSM majör depresyon ve yaygın bunaltı bozukluğu tanısı konulmuştur. HAD Anksiyete ve Depresyon Alt Ölçekleri ile yaygın bunaltı bozukluğu ve DSM majör depresyonun belirlenmesinde en uygun eşik ≥ 8 ve ≥ 7 olarak bulunmuş, sırasıyla %93.3 ve %77.3 duyarlılık ile %77.9 ve %87.1 özgüllük düzeylerine ulaşılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, bu eşiklerin pozitif yordama güçlerinin sırasıyla %21 ve %36 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Duygulanım bozukluklarının belirlenmesinde HAD Bütün Ölçeği kullanıldığında, en uygun eşik ≥ 12, duyarlılık %88.9, özgüllük %80.7 ve pozitif yordama gücü %35 olarak bulunmuştur. Duygulanım bozukluklarının belirlenmesinde GSA-12 için en uygun eşik ≥ 2, duyarlılık %77.8 ve özgüllük %70.2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu ölçeğin pozitif yordama gücü ise %24'tür. Yaygın bunaltı bozukluğu ve DSM majör depresyonun GSA-12'yi kullanılarak belirlenmesinde, en uygun eşik ≥ 2 ve ≥ 4, sırasıyla %73.3 ve %77.3 duyarlılık, %67.5 ve %82 özgüllük bulunmuştur. Bu ölçeğin pozitif yordama güçleri ise yaygın bunaltı bozukluğu ve DSM majör depresyon için sırasıyla %12 ve %29'dur.

Sonuç: HAD Bütün Ölçeği ve alt ölçekleri duygulanım bozukluklarını belirlemede etkili bulunmuştur. Bu ölçekler meme kanseri hastalarında tarama amaçlı kullanabilir. GSA-12, HAD ile karşılaştırıldığında duygulanım bozukluklarını belirlemede daha az etkilidir, fakat GSA-12'de meme kanseri hastalarında duygulanım bozuklukları, yaygın bunaltı bozukluğu ve DSM majör depresyonun belirlenmesinde tarama aracı olarak kullanılabilir.
The Accuracy of HADS and GHQ-12 in Detecting Psychiatric Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients
Objective: Psychological problems should be identified in breast cancer patients proactively if doctors and nurses are to help them cope with the challenges imposed by their illness. Screening is one possible way to identify emotional problems proactively. Self-report questionnaires can be useful alternatives to carrying out psychiatric interviews during screening, because interviewing a large number of patients can be impractical due to limited resources. Two such measures are the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12).

Method: The present study aimed to compare the performance of the GHQ-12, and the HADS Unitary Scale and its subscales to that of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) in identifying patients with affective disorders, including DSM major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. The sample consisted of 296 female breast cancer patients who underwent surgery for breast cancer a [year] previously.

Results: A small number of patients (11%) were identified as having DSM major depression or generalized anxiety disorder based on SADS score. The findings indicate that the optimal thresholds in detecting generalized anxiety disorder and DSM major depression with the HADS anxiety and depression subscales were ≥ 8 and ≥ 7, with 93.3% and 77.3% sensitivity, respectively, and 77.9% and 87.1% specificity, respectively. They also had a 21% and 36% positive predictive value, respectively. Using the HADS Unitary Scale the optimal threshold for detecting affective disorders was ≥ 12, with 88.9% sensitivity, 80.7% specificity, and a 35% positive predictive value. In detecting affective disorders, the optimal threshold on the GHQ-12 was ≥ 2, with 77.8% sensitivity and 70.2% specificity. This scale also had a 24% positive predictive value. In detecting generalized anxiety disorder and DSM major depression, the optimal thresholds on the GHQ-12 were ≥ 2 and ≥ 4 with 73.3% and 77.3% sensitivity, respectively, and 67.5% and 82% specificity, respectively. The scale also had 12% and 29% positive predictive values, respectively.

Conclusion: The HADS Unitary Scale and its subscales were effective in identifying affective disorders. They can be used as screening measures in breast cancer patients. The GHQ-12 was less accurate in detecting affective disorders than the HADS, but it can also be used as a screening instrument to detect affective disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, and DSM major depression.

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