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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2010;2(1):26-51
Lityumun Metabolik Yan Etkileri
ÖD Eker, MÇ Eker
İzmir Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Kliniği, İzmir, Turkey
Lityum 19. yüzyıldan bu yana tıpta kullanılan alkali bir iyondur. Lityumun psikiyatrik
rahatsızlıklarda kullanımının yaygınlașması ile birlikte yan etkilerin de gözlenmeye
bașlaması lityum kullanımı konusunda çekinceler doğurmuștur. Tüm bu çekincelere
karșın lityumun bipolar bozukluk bașta olmak üzere duygudurum bozukluklarında
vazgeçilmez ilaçlardan birisidir. Lityumun halen özellikle bipolar bozuklukta altın
standart sağaltım olarak kabul edilmesi yan etkilerinin iyi tanınması gerekliliğini de
beraberinde getirmiștir. Lityumun süregen kullanımında çeșitli organ sistemleri
üzerine olan etkileri iyi bilinmektedir. Bu yazıda metabolik yan etkiler olarak tiroid
ve paratiroid bezleri ile vücut ağırlığı üzerine etkileri ve böbrekler üzerine olan
etkilerinden söz edilirken bu yan etkilerin olası etki düzenekleri, klinik bulguları,
olası risk etmenleri ve bu yan etkilere yönelik önlemler üzerinde durulacaktır. Lityumun
tiroid üzerinde gözlenen en sık yan etkisi hipotiroididir. Klinik ve biyokimyasal
özellikler bakımından primer hipotiroidi ile aynı özelliklere sahiptir ve en sık
subklinik hipotiroidi olarak karșımıza çıkmaktadır. Hipotiroidi, subklinik de olsa
sağaltıma yanıtsızlık veya yetersiz yanıtla ilișkili olabilir ve hızlı döngülük için bir risk
etmeni olarak gösterilmektedir. Bu özellikleri nedeniyle hipotiroidi, șiddeti ne olursa
olsun izleme alınmalı ve klinik hipotiroidi varlığında tiroid hormonu ile tedavi edilmelidir.
Lityuma bağlı kilo artıșı tedavi uyumunu bozmakta ve ruhsal rahatsızlığın
seyrini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Kilo artıșına bağlı gelișen diyabet, hipertansiyon,
iskemik kalp hastalığı ve inme riskinde artıș diğer sorun odaklarını olușturmaktadır.
Bu nedenlerle lityuma bașlamadan önce risk etmenlerinin belirlenmesi, kilo takibi,
beslenme alıșkanlıklarının düzenlenmesi ve egzersiz programlarının önerilmesi
önem tașımaktadır. Lityum kullanımı konusunda en çok sorun yaratan yan etkilerden
birisi de böbrek ișlev bozukluğudur. Lityuma bağlı gelișen böbrek ișlevlerindeki
bozulmanın çok önemli bir kısmı poliüri ve polidipsi ile karakterize nefrojen diyabetes
insipidus șeklinde karșımıza çıkmaktadır. Nefrojen diayabetes insipidus,
lityumun toplayıcı tübüller seviyesinde su ve sodyumun emilimini etkileyerek idrar
konsantrasyon yeteneğini bozması sonucu gelișmektedir. Lityum kullanırken
gelișebilecek böbrek hasarının önlenebilmesi için böbrek ișlevlerinin yakın takibi
önemlidir. Bununla birlikte lityum zehirlenmesi ataklarının böbrek hasarı riskini
artırabileceğinden serum lityum düzeylerinin izlemi de büyük önem tașımaktadır.
Sonuç olarak, lityum özellikle duygudurum bozukluklarında halen vazgeçilmezliğini
korumaktadır. Bu kadar önemli bir tedavinin hastalardan esirgenmemesi için klinisyenlerin
lityumun yan etkileri konusunda güncel bilgilere sahip olması ve gerekli
önlemlerin alınması gerekmektedir.
Metabolic Side Effects of Lithium
Lithium is an alkaline ion being used since 19th century. After its widespread use in
psychiatric disorders, observed side effects caused skepticism about its therapeutic
efficacy. Despite several disadvantages, lithium is one of the indispensible drugs
used in affective disorders, especially in bipolar disorder. It became a necessity for
physicians to recognize its side effects since lithium is still accepted as a gold standard
in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Adverse effects of chronic administration
of lithium on several organ systems are widely known. In this article metabolic
effects of lithium on thyroid and parathyroid glands, body mass index and kidneys
will be discussed along with their mechanisms, clinical findings, possible risk factors
and treatment. One of the most common side effect of lithium is hypothyroidism. It
has the same clinical and biochemical properties as primary hypothyroidism and
observed as subclinical hypothyroidism in the first place. Hypothyroidism, even its
subclinical form, may be associated with non-response or inadequate response and
is indicated as a risk factor for development of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Therefore,
hypothyroidism should be screened no matter how severe it is and should be
treated with thyroid hormone in the presence of clinical hypothyroidism. Weight
gain due to lithium administration disturbs the compliance to treatment and negatively
affects the course of the illness. Increased risk for diabetes, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease and stroke because of weight gain constitute other centers
of problem. Indeed, it is of importance to determine the risk factors before treatment,
to follow up the weight, to re-organize nutritional habits and to schedule
exercises. Another frequent problematic side effect of lithium treatment is renal
dysfunction which clinically present as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with the
common symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
develops because of urinary concentration defects due to the detrimental effects of
lithium on re-absorption of water and sodium at the level of collector tubules. Close
screening of renal functions is very important in the prevention of renal damage
during treatment with lithium. Moreover, it is also of importance to screen serum
lithium levels as lithium intoxication episodes may increase the risk of renal failure.
As a conclusion lithium still preserves its indispensability in affective disorders.
Clinicians should have current knowledge about the side effects of lithium and take
preventive measures to apply such an important treatment to the patients.

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