Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 19; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2009;19(3):262-271
Eğitim kurumları dışında görevli bir grup psikiyatristin antipsikotik seçme, kombine etme ve doz ayarlama örüntüleri
O Karamustafalıoğlu, B Özçelik, S Gönenli, B Bakım, Y Cengiz
Şişlli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul-Türkiye
Amaç: Klinik araştırma sonuçları ve bunlara dayanan güçlü meta-analizler antipsikotiklerin etkinliği ve yan etkileri ile ilgili birbirinden farklı sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır. Klinik pratikte antipsikotik seçimi, doz ayarlaması, ideal kombinasyonlar ve psikiyatristlerin bu kararları üzerinde etkili unsurlarla ilgili çalışma sonuçları henüz yetersizdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı eğitim kurumu dışındaki devlet hastanelerinde görevli bir grup psikiyatri uzmanının antipsikotikleri reçete etme örüntülerini ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem: Araştırma Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Kliniğinde yürütülmüş olan tanımlayıcı bir anket çalışmasıydı. Aralık 2004 tarihinde, anket formları posta yoluyla Sağlık Bakanlığı'na bağlı, eğitim ve araştırma özelliği olmayan hastanelerde yarım ya da tam gün çalışmakta olan 246 psikiyatri uzmanına gönderildi. Çalışma grubu, Şubat 2005 tarihine kadar anketi yanıtlayan 75 psikiyatri uzmanından oluştu. Araştırıcılar tarafından hazırlanan anket formu sosyodemografik özellikler ile antipsikotik ilaçların seçimi, dozları, yan etkileri ve tercih edilen kombinasyonlar hakkında sorular içermekteydi. Anket formu çalışma tarihi itibariyle Türkiye'de mevcut olan antipsikotikleri kapsamaktaydı (ziprasidon, sertindol ve aripiprazol hariç). Bulgular: Psikiyatristlere tedavide en sık üç 'a ntipsikotik ilaç başlama endikasyonları? sorulduğunda, büyük çoğunlukla (%93) psikotik bozukluklar, yarıdan fazla (%67) iki uçlu duygu durum bozukluğu, %50 oranında ise psikotik özellikli depresyon ve % 13 oranında obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ifade edildi. Uzmanların %75'i (n=56) şizofreni ve diğer psikotik bozukluklarda ilk basamak antipsikotik tedavi olarak atipik olanları tercih ettiklerini belirtti. Depo antipsikotik reçete etme oranı sorulduğunda hekimlerin %25.3'ü (n=19) ?sık/çok sık? kullandıklarını ifade etti. ?Sık/çok sık? iki ya da daha fazla antipsikotik reçete etme oranı %21 idi. En fazla tercih edilen kombinasyon haloperidol ve klorpromazin düzenlemesiydi. Psikiyatristlerin şizofreni akut tedavisinde kullandıkları ortalama antipsikotik dozları genel olarak FDA'i n onayladığı olağan doz aralığının üst sınırı civarındaydı. Uzman hekimlerin şizofreni ve iki uçlu duygu durum bozukluğunda kullandıkları ortalama antipsikotik dozları birbirine yakın gibiydi. ?Sık/çok sık karşılaşılan yan etkilerin dökümü incelendiğinde tipik antipsikotikler daha çok tardiv diskinezi, EPS, ritm bozukluğu gibi yan etkilere, atipikler ise daha çok kilo alımına yol açıyor izlenimi doğmaktaydı. Çalışmamızda, diabetes mellitüs ortaya çıkma sıklığı olanzapin ile klozapine göre daha yüksek oranda ifade edildi. Kadın psikiyatrislerin erkeklere göre atipik antipsikotikleri daha fazla oranda tercih ettikleri saptandı. Bazı antpsikotikler (sülpirid, amisülpirid, risperdon, ketiapin) için, her tanı grubunda olmamakla beraber hekimin yaşı, meslekte geçen süre ve günlük hastanede muayene edilen hasta sayısı arttıkça tedavide kullanılan dozların düştüğü saptandı. Diğer taraftan, olanzapin ve klozapin için, yukarıda bahsedilen değişkenler ile ilaç dozları arasında pozitif bir korelasyon tespit edildi. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, eğitim kliniği dışındaki kurumlarda görevli, Türkiye'nin çeşitli yerlerinde çalışan, tecrübeli bir grup psikiyatri uzmanının antipsikotiklerle ilgili klinik uygulamaları hakkında bir fikir vermesi bakımından bir ölçüde fayda sağlayabilir. Klinik pratikte antipsikotik reçeteleme örüntüleri ile araştırma sonuçları genel olarak örtüşse de, bazı farklılıklara da rastlanabilmektedir.
Antipsychotic selection, combination, and dosing patterns of a group of psychiatrists working at non-teaching hospitals
Objective: Clinical research and powerful meta-analyses show
incongruent findings about efficacy and side effects of
antipsycotics. Results of studies focusing on how to choose an
antipsychotic drug, dosing, combining those drugs optimally,
and factors impacting the psychiatrists? decisions in clinical
practice seem insufficent to draw firm conclusions. The aim of
this study was to clarify the prescription patterns of
antipsychotics among a group of psychiatrists working at nonteaching
state hospitals.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey which
was conducted by the psychiatry unit of Sisli Etfal Research and
Teaching Hospital between December 2004 and February 2005.
Questionnaires were mailed to 246 full-time or part-time
psychiatrists working at non-teaching state hospitals, which
were affiliated with The Ministry of Health, at the time of the
study. The sample of the study consisted of 75 psychiatrists who
mailed back the completed questionnaires by February 2005.
The questionnaire included items about sociodemographic
variables, choosing antipsychotics, dosing, combinations, side
effects, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of those
drugs. Only, the antipsychotics which were in the market during
the study period, were surveyed (excluded ziprasidone,
sertindole, and aripiprazole).
Results: When psychiatrists were asked about the first three
indications to start an antipsychotic treatment, majority of them
(93%) stated psychotic disorders, more than half (67%) bipolar
disorder, half of them (50%) psychotic depression, and finally
13% reported obsessive-compulsive disorder. A total of 56
psychiatrists (75%) preferred atypical antipsychotics as the firstline
agent when treating schizophrenia and other psychotic
disorders. Approximately, 25% of the sample (n=19) expressed
depot antipsychotics as ?often/almost always prescribed
agents?. Similarly, 21% of the sample reported they
?often/almost always? combined two or more antipsychotics.
The most commonly prescribed combination was haloperidol
and chlorpromazine. For the treatment of the acute episode of
schizophrenia, the mean doses of antipsychotics reported by
the psychiatrists were dispersed in the usual dose ranges (near
to the highest doses) approved by FDA. The mean antipsychotic
doses for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
(for both acute and maintenance phases) were similar. In the
questionnaires, side effects of antipsychotics seemed different
between typicals and atypicals; tardive dyskinesia, extrapyramidal
syndrome, rhythm disorders were reported more
frequently with typical antipsychotics, whereas weight gain and
diabetes mellitus were seen more with atypicals. For some
antipsychotics like sulpride, amisulpride, risperidone, and
quetiapine, as the age of the psychiatrist, [year]s as a physician,
and the number of patients/day evaluated at the hospital
increased, doses of antipsychotics decreased according to
reports by the sample. On the other hand, for olanzapine and
clozapine, a positive correlation was found between above
mentioned variables and antipsychotic doses. This findings
could not be generalized for all the acute and maintenance
phases of disorders.
Conclusion: This study might shed some light to the clinical
practice with regard to antipsyhotic selection, conbination, and
dosing among a group of experienced psychiatrists working at
non-teaching state hospitals throughout Turkey. The results
might show some differences between clinical practice and
research data regarding antipsychotics.

http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-white-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-ostrich-vein-6108-black-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-dark-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-green-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-wallet-camel-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-green-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-togo-leather-6108-electric-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-pink-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-croco-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-dark-blue-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-h-wallet-royal-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-grey-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-burgundy-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-30cm-birkin-bag-togo-leather-with-strap-light-pink-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-rose-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-red-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-in-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-picotin-lock-togo-leather-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-green-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbag-yellow-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-gold-light-coffee.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-28cm-bag-togo-leather-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-burgundy-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-dark-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-light-coffee-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-hot-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-white.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-leather-handbag-black-hot-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-brown-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-wallet-togo-leather-rose.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bi-fold-wallet-h006-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-orange-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-h-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-crocodile-leather-handbag-grey-white-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-dark-khaki-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-canvas-handbag-yellow.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-8616-handbag-cherry-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-camel.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-togo-leather-orange-silver.html