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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 19; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2009;19(3):226-234
Sigaranın şizofrenili hastalarda P50 dalgası üzerine etkileri
T Turan, N Dolu, S Ozsoy, C Kılıç, A Beşirli, E Esel
Erciyes University, Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Kayseri-Türkiye
Amaç: Genel popülasyonla karşılaştırıldığında sigara içimi şizofrenik hastalarda çok yaygındır. Nikotinin şizofrenide görülen işitsel duyusal kapılama yetersizliğinin normalleştirilmesindeki rolüne ek olarak bilişsel bozuklukları iyileştirdiği düşünülmektedir. P50, uyaranın başlangıcından itibaren yaklaşık 50 milisaniye sonra pozitif sapma olarak ortaya çıkan işitsel uyarılmış bir potansiyeldir ve nöral cevabı yansıtır. Bu pozitif dalga şekli duyusal kapılama mekanizmasını göstermek için kullanılır. Şizofrenide bu mekanizmadaki yetersizliğe bağlı olarak P50?nin baskılanmadığı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada kronik sigara içen ve sigara içmeyen şizofrenik hastalarda sigaranın P50 bileşeni üzerine olan etkisinin ve bu etkinin şizofreni hastalarındaki muhtemel bilişsel bozulma ile bağlantısının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Şizofreni için DSM-IV tanı kriterlerini tam olarak karşılayan hastanede yatmakta olan 43 şizofrenik hasta ve 44 sağlıklı kontrol çalışmaya dahil edildi. Dokuz hasta herhangi bir ilaç kullanmıyordu. Yirmi dört hasta atipik antipsikotik ve 10 hasta ise tipik antipsikotik kullanıyordu. Hastalar ve kontroller sigara içenler ve içmeyenler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Sigara içen hastalardan ve kontrollerden gece yarısından sonra sigara içmemeleri istendi. Ertesi sabah P50 işlemi uygulandı. İlk ölçümden sonra, sigara içen deneklerin her zamanki içtikleri sigara miktarını tüketmelerine izin verildi. Otuz dakikalık sigara içiminden sonra P50 ölçümü tekrar edildi. Wechsler Sayı Menzili Testi sigara içme esnasında ve sigaranın kısıtlanmasının bitiminde uygulandı. İşlem sigara içmeyen deneklerde yalnızca bir kez uygulandı. Bulgular: Dört grup arasında P50 oranları açısından anlamlı fark vardı (F=19.01, p<0.001). Sigara içen hastalar sigaranın kısıtlanmasından sonra (sigara içmeden önce) ve sigara içmeyen hastalar, sigara içen ve sigara içmeyen kontrollerinkinden anlamlı derecede yüksek P50 oranlarına sahipti (karşılaştırmaların tümü için p<0.001). Sigara içen hastaların P50 oranı sigara içmeden öncekiyle karşılaştırıldığında 30 dakikalık sigara içiminden sonra azalmıştı (t=7.07, p<0.001) ve kontrollerinkiyle benzer hale gelmişti (t=1.96, p>0.05). Sigara içen hastaların sigara içiminden sonraki P50 oranı sigara içmeyen hastalarınkinden aynı zamanda daha düşüktü (t=3.32, p<0.005). Hastalar 'i laç kullanmayan? (n=9), 'a tipik antipsikotik kullananlar? (n=24) veya ?tipik antipsikotik kullananlar? (n=10) olarak alt gruplara ayrıldıklarında, alt gruplar arasında P50 oranları açısından anlamlı fark yoktu, ancak tüm hastaların P50 oranları kontrollerinkinden daha yüksekti (sırasıyla p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001). Sayı menzili testi puanları açısından sigara içen ve içmeyen hastalar ve sigara içen ve içmeyen kontroller arasında fark bulunmadı. Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma şizofrenideki bilişsel bozuklukların bir yansıması olan P50'de ki baskılanmamayı desteklemektedir. Bununla birlikte, şizofrenik hastalarda bir gecelik yoksunluktan sonra sigara içme P50 defisitini düzeltmektedir. Antipsikotikler ve bilinen diğer tedavilerin bilişsel semptomları iyileştirmede yetersiz kalması nedeniyle şizofrenik hastalar bilişsel semptomlarını sigara içerek tedavi etmeye çalışıyor olabilir. Bu sorunu çözmek için uzun ömürlü nikotin benzeri ilaçların geliştirilmesi daha iyi olacaktır.
Effects of smoking on P50 waveform in schizophrenic patients
Objective: Smoking is very common in schizophrenic
patients compared to general population. It is considered
that nicotine improves cognitive disturbances in addition
to its role in normalization of auditory sensory gating
deficit in schizophrenia.
P50 is an auditory evoked potential that appears about 50
msec as a positive deflexion after stimulus onset and
reflects neural response. This positive waveform is used to
show sensory gating mechanism. In schizophrenia P50 is
found to be non-suppressed due to the insufficiency of this
mechanism.
In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of smoking
on P50 and the relationship of this effect on probable
cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenic patients.
Methods: Forty-three schizophrenic inpatients who fully
met the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and forty-four
healthy controls were included in the study. Nine of the
patients were not taking any drug. Twenty-four of them
were on atypical antipsychotics and 10 patients were on
typical antipsychotics. The patients and controls were
divided into two groups; smokers and non-smokers.
Smoker patients and controls were asked to refrain from
smoking after midnight. P50 measurement was performed
the following morning. Smoker subjects were allowed to
consume their usual amount of cigarettes for 30 minutes
after the first measurement. Then P50 measurement was
repeated. The Wechsler Digit Span Task was performed
while smoking and at the end of the restriction of smoking.
In non-smokers the procedure was performed only once
Results: There was a significant difference in P50 ratios
between the four groups (F=19.01, p<0.001). Smoker
patients after smoking restriction (before smoking) and
non-smoker patients had significantly high P50 ratios than
smoker and non-smoker controls (p<0.001 for all of the
comparisons). P50 ratio of smoker patients decreased after
30 minutes? smoking compared to that before smoking
(t=7.07, p<0.001) and became similar to that of the
controls (t=1.96, p>0.05). P50 ratio of smoker patients after
smoking was also lower than that of nonsmoker patients
(t=3.32, p<0.005). When the patients were divided into
subgroups as ?no drug? (n=9), ?atypical antipsychotics?
(n=24) or ?typical antipsychotic? (n=10), there was no
significant difference in P50 ratios among subgroups, but
all patient groups had higher P50 ratios than the controls
(p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). It was found that
digit span scores were not different between the smoker
and nonsmoker patients and between the smoker and
nonsmoker controls.
Conclusion: This study supports P50 non-supression
which is a reflection of cognitive disturbances in
schizophrenia. However, in schizophrenic patients
smoking after overnight abstinence improves P50 deficit.
Schizophrenic patients may be trying to treat their
cognitive symptoms by smoking since antipsychotics and
other known treatments are insufficient to ameliorate
cognitive symptoms. It will be better to develop long-half
life nicotine-like drugs to solve this problem.

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